Importance of Training and Evaluation in Organisations

Significance of Training and Evaluation in Organizations Presentation: In the previous quite a while human asset the executives become very mainstream. Human Resource the board is a significant inward piece of an association. It has numerous capacities like enlistment and determination, human asset improvement, prize and execution and the board advancement. Gifted and created representatives are primary quality of associations achievement. Organizations are happy to enlist gifted and skilled individuals. In any case, it is a foolhardy methodology for long haul achievement. As referenced above, as of late of organizations and associations have acknowledged significance of preparing and improvement. They are concentrating on ceaseless improvement and learning through preparing and advancement in association. Yet, for that representatives are have to pick shrewdly. This part is identified with enlistment and choice procedure. So HR administrator need to pick individuals with the possibility to find out additional. Numerous associations urge workers to part ake in preparing and improvement program to gain proficiency with the orderly information top to bottom. Presently it is understood that if there are more chances of improvement for representatives, with the goal that they remain submitted longer to the association. Such persuaded, experienced and prepared staffs bring better association execution. That is the manner by which association can deliver best item or administrations that bring more consumer loyalty and more deals which finishes in more benefit. It additionally underpins representative in taking an interest preparing and advancement program and in this manner, it builds work commitment of the worker to the association. Associations certainly will acquire efficiency from gifted and prepared representatives instead of non prepared workers. Prepared and drawn in workers are spurred representatives. Gifted and roused workers are high performing representatives. That is the manner by which manager and worker both can get advan tage from preparing and advancement program. (Beardwell Claydon, 2007) 2. Vital HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT: This undertaking centers around human asset improvement. Principle target of this undertaking is to clarify the significance of preparing assessment in an association. Preparing assessment is the one of the pivotal piece of preparing process. Be that as it may, first we have to know, why preparing assessment required? From the earliest starting point it is a key subject for a large portion of the coaches. When, preparing and advancement don't give the necessary outcomes than it tends to be a lot of hurtful for the association. It can de-inspire the students and can truly harm their notoriety. That is the reason preparing assessment has been presented. So that by assessing preparing, coaches can get anticipated outcomes. It likewise assists with rolling out any fitting improvements where it is required. It gives the certainty to the mentor by giving consequence of that they are working superbly. (Thorne K. Mackey D. 2007) HRM highlights make more significance when it is connected to key combination. It is progressively worried to interface the HRM issues into vital planes. Vital Human Resource Development (SHRD) is for giving the unmistakable vision about workers capacities and potential to work inside the vital structure of the business. New learning and improvement procedures are made under SHRD to accomplish business objectives. Preparing assessment is expected to guarantee that, is SHRD accomplishing the business objectives or not? The principle target of SHRD is to improve assets with the conviction that organizations representatives are a significant wellspring of upper hand. It is increasingly centered around scholarly capital, guaranteeing that are there right nature of workers accessible to meet the present and future needs. By making a learning domain in which workers are urged to learn and create to coordinate the employability of outside and within association, ought to be one of its inter ests. Michael Armstrong (2009) has featured the way of thinking of SHRD. HRD makes a significant commitment to effectively accomplish firms objectives, interest in the advantages to the partners of the association. HRM planes and projects ought to be connect with and backing to accomplish the objectives of business and HRM. Everyone in the association ought to be urged and offered chance to learn and build up their abilities and information. In SHRD there ought to be an emphasis on self-guided learning and backing by instructing, preparing and observing. As we have seen picking up, preparing, improvement and training are the components of HRD. Taking in ought to be recognized from preparing. In this manner, associations need to screen their preparation programs. (Armstrong M. 2009) From Baron J. Kreps D. (2005), presently firms don't show preparing as an expense for the representative yet as a venture. They said that, it is essential to gauge the preparation. By giving a few models, they contended about how it is hard to proportion of execution improvement. Consequently, assessment is bound to be considered as a capital venture of preparing. Mentor and learner both ought to experience from assessment process. The aftereffect of this procedure will give better comprehension about execution improvement. Causing changes where essential in preparing will to furnish extraordinary assistance in the coordination with business methodologies. As indicated by Armstrong (1999) preparing assessment is imperative to assess preparing so as to evaluate its viability. It is essential to realize what ever preparing is given to the representatives; does it truly help them in their work? Since, part of time, exertion and cash spend to prepare workers. That is the reason Hamblin said any endeavor to get data (input) on the impacts of a preparation program and to evaluate the estimation of the preparation in the light of that data. It is a fundamental component of preparing. It offers the response to the subject of how far the preparation has accomplished its motivation. Preparing assessment ensures that, the given preparing was speculation instead of cost. RESEARCH MATHODOLOGY: All the information is accumulated by auxiliary sources. The vast majority of the information is gathered from books. A portion of the diaries have been alluded for satisfactory information on the exploration report. Electronic source is the principle wellspring of social occasion the important information. Both subjective and quantitative information been accumulated for the proposed explore report. A contextual analysis has taken is supporting Kirkpatricks model. It gives the concise detail of how to make assessment in preparing. (Bhattacharya, 2006) KIRKPATRICS TRAINING EVALUATION THEORY: To comprehend preparing assessment, Kirkpatrick has presented four degree of preparing assessment. Donald Kirkpatrick was leader of the American Society of Training and Development in 1975. Response: Reaction assessment is the means by which the student felt, and their own response to the preparation or learning experience. It is a criticism shapes on preparing experience. Verbal response can likewise be noted and broke down. It tends to be finished by post preparing reviews and polls. Input structure, which can be filled or verbally given to the chief. It contains individual inclination type questions, as did the learners like and appreciates preparing? Did they consider the preparation significant? Was it a decent utilization of their time? Did they like the planning and the spot of preparing? It is anything but difficult to do. It very well may be done following culmination of preparing. Simple to get response criticism. Simple to dissect. Very little costly to accumulate all the information and for dissect. It become accommodating to realize the essential inquiries like learners were not troubled or baffled with preparing. Analyser needs to accept that all the criti cisms are veritable. On the off chance that it is than a large portion of the inputs might be comparable. Picking up: Learning assessment is the estimation information from when learning experience. It tends to be finished by doing evaluation tests when preparing. Meeting and perception can likewise be utilized rather than evaluation test. Appraisal test should be firmly identified with the points of learning. Estimating the test can be simple in g bunch as opposed to person. Printed copy, electronic, on the web or meeting style appraisal are kinds of social occasion learning assessment information. From the information, it is anything but difficult to make sense of, did the learner realize what each he expected to instructed? Did the learner experience what expected to involvement with preparing? It is additional tedious and exorbitant in contrast with response assessment. It just shows that how much information h As learner has. It doesnt shows that how much learning applied at the work environment. Conduct: Behavior assessment in which students applied the learning and change their conduct. This can set aside some effort to change their conduct it may take a little while or months after the preparation. The principle target of conduct assessment is to discover did students placed their learning into impact? It is safe to say that they are utilizing the applicable ability which has been educated? Is there any adjustment in their exercises while working? How is their exhibition? Is the student mindful of the evolving conduct? Is the student attempting to move their learning in others or not? As conduct assessment is a significant assessment process among different procedures. Perception need to done at certain degree of preparing. Evaluation test isn't reasonable in this in light of the fact that every learner will take as much time as necessary to place his learning into impact. Appraisal should be possible just by appropriate examination devices. Judgment, perception or meetings are the most ideal approach to gauge the effect of preparing. An adaptable way, as 360 degree input is helpful strategy for estimating the impact. It is less simple to quantify the adjustment in contrast with learning conduct. Participation and aptitudes of spectators are generally significant in this assessments procedure. Analysers should be a lot of precise and involvement with making a decision about learners conduct. Conduct assessment should occur in some time span during the preparation. So it relies upon evaluators vision to see standard of conduct, which can be fluctuates among various evaluator. The supp

Mexico and its Importance to US Bilateral relations Essay

Mexico is a significant resource for the United States, is shares 1,954 miles of fringe with the United States, and has become a significant monetary exchanging accomplice with the United States. Relations between these two countries are central, however we should address a rundown of issues that need answers, monetary change, country security, sedate control, movement and even nature. Consistently more than one million individuals cross the outskirt legitimately, in 2012 two way exchange totaled over $500 billion dollars. Mexico has stayed one of the greatest visitor goals for American voyagers, and America significant wellspring of the travel industry for Mexico. Participation between these two countries is significant, it is likewise significant for the United States to help smooth out discretion with Mexico. In 2010 the Executive Committee for 21st Century Border Management was made to help make headways in making a cutting edge, secure and effective outskirt. This Committee was made to prod thoughts on approaches to help secure the fringe, just as make a superior method to deal with the lawful intersection occurring each day. The assaults September 1, 2001 prompted the end of many outskirt crossing, putting a strain on the as of now verworked intersections, with the execution of this program new ways are being investigated on how we should run these fringe intersections just as investigating the re-opening of certain shut intersection focuses. Helpful exercises between the U. S. also, Mexico happen under various game plans, for example, the U. S. - Mexico Border 2012/2020 Program the North American Development Bank and the Border Environment Cooperation Commission; the North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation; the Border Health Commission. These organizations help out Mexico with respect to the genuine ecological issues that have risen ue to populace development and industrialization. In 2008 we started the Merida Initiative looking to help out Mexico just as other South American nations trying to check the developing pattern of medication dealing wrongdoings. Mexico recommended that it was a mutual issue in light of the fact that most of the cash streaming into Mexico was from American medication clients. In spite of the fact that starting at 2012 congress has appropriated almost 1. 9 billion dollars to the Merida Initiative. Starting in 2010 the Merida Initiative adopted a four column strategy to separate its endeavors at disturbing the medication dealing and brutality issue. The main column intends to upset the limit of sorted out wrongdoing to work and the subsequent column centers around upgrading the limit of Mexico’s government and foundations to support the standard of law. The Merida Initiative’s third column intends to improve fringe the board to encourage genuine exchange and development of individuals while impeding the progression of medications, arms, and money. At long last, the fourth column looks to assemble solid and flexible networks. Notwithstanding the significant advances we have made with mexico in regards to exchange and the encouragement of our organization as countries, it must be noticed the significant issues we despite everything pro. The Drug Cartels in mexico at present run a 20 in addition to billion dollar a year industry. significant zone of conversation is the movement gives that have confronted the US from mexico as foreigners endeavor to escape mexico for an assortment of reasons. Mexico is additionally a significant beneficiary of settlements, in 2012 the state office evaluated more than 22 billion dollars’ worth was sent from family members living in America. Migration has become a hot point in current issues, the time has come to analise a few choices for the future with respect to movement and alternatives in regards to tranquilize rafficking issues. In may of 2013 Obama declared the arrangement of a two-sided gathering on advanced education, development, and research. With this discussion the United States and mexico will urge commonly oppressed understudies to go to school and auxiliary schools giving them access to these schools just as optional preparing programs in STEM fields.. This discussion is our initial move towards making mexico a financial force just as a spot that can invite propelling innovation. Proposals. Expanding the financing that is appropriated for the Merida Initiative, this subsidizing hould be sent towards encouraging the security checkpoints at Mexico’s outskirts. Refreshing x beam machines just as non-obtrusive body scanners. Cash ought to likewise be spent trying to advise the Mexican people group regarding the goals to check the pattern of medication cartel control. The Merida activity should concentrate fundamentally on the primary column, of upsetting sorted out Criminal Groups. Rejecting every one of extra designs for proceeding with the fence on the American Mexican fringe. Or maybe Funds ought to be appropriated in assigning a board of trustees to investigate further association with Mexico in regards to migration. America needs to acknowledge that Mexican settlers as a greater part are acceptable individuals searching for legit work. This should never again be a wrongdoing, The way toward acquiring a green card ought to be smoothed out, making it open to any individual who searches it out. This approach needs to go connected at the hip with close to add up to disposal of medication brutality. Mexico should be viewed as a sheltered spot where both American and Mexican nationals can go back and forth over the fringe unreservedly and without wellbeing being referred to. Mexico ought not be treated as an underdeveloped country, we can possibly assist them with turning into an eautiful spot to visit. It Just requires some inventive approach thoughts to meet our objectives. Medication Reform has not had a lot of accomplishment, to a limited extent to the frail arrangements that have been actualized.

The Chemistry of Depression - Neurotransmitters and More

The Chemistry of Depression - Neurotransmitters and More Depression Causes Print The Chemistry of Depression What Is the Biochemical Basis of Depression? By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 10, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 Depression Overview Types Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Diagnosis Treatment Coping ADA & Your Rights Depression in Kids Istockphoto.com/Stock Photo ©ttsz In This Article Table of Contents Expand Neurotransmitters Chemical Imbalances Treating Depression View All There are several theories about what causes depression. The condition most likely results from a complex interplay of individual factors, but one of the most widely accepted explanations cites abnormal brain chemistry.?? Sometimes, people with depression relate the condition back to a specific factor, such as a traumatic event in their life. However, its not uncommon for people who are depressed to be confused as to whyâ€"they may even feel as though they dont have a reason to be depressed. In these cases, learning about the theories of what causes depression can be helpful. Researchers have suggested that for some people, having too little of certain substances in the brain (called neurotransmitters) could contribute to depression. Restoring the balance of brain chemicals could help alleviate symptomsâ€"which is where the different classes of antidepressant medications may come in. It seems simple, but even with the help of medications that work to increase or balance specific neurotransmitters in the brain, depression is a highly complex condition to treat. What proves to be an effective treatment for one person with depression may not work for someone else. Even something that has worked well for someone in the past may become less effective over time, or even stop working, for reasons were still trying to understand. Researchers continue to try to better understand the mechanisms of depression, including brain chemicals, in hopes of finding explanations for these complexities and developing more effective ways to treat them. Depression Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF Depression is also a multi-faceted condition, but having an awareness of the brain chemistry component can be useful for medical and mental health professionals, researchers, and many people who have depression. Heres an overview of what is known (and not-yet-known) about how chemical imbalances in the brain may influence depression. Neurotransmitters Put simply, neurotransmitters are chemical messengers in the brain. The nerve cells of the brain use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other. The messages they send are believed to play a role in mood regulation. The three neurotransmitters implicated in depression are: NorepinephrineSerotoninDopamine There are other neurotransmitters that can send messages in the brain, including glutamate, GABA, and acetylcholine. Researchers are still learning about the role these brain chemicals play in depression and other conditions, such as Alzheimers and fibromyalgia. How Neurotransmitters Work How Cells Communicate With Neurotransmitters The space between two nerve cells is called the synapse. When cells want to communicate, neurotransmitters can be packaged up and released from the end (axon) of a presynaptic cell. As a packet of neurotransmitters crosses the space, it can be taken up by receptors for a specific chemical on postsynaptic cells (dendrite). For example, serotonin receptors pick up serotonin molecules. If there are any excess molecules in the space, the presynaptic cell will gather them back up and reprocess them to use in another communication. Each type of neurotransmitter can carry a different message and plays a unique role in creating an individuals brain chemistry. Imbalances in these chemicals may contribute to mental health conditions such as depression. How Brain Cells Communicate Norepinephrine Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter and a hormone. It plays a role in the fight or flight response along with adrenaline. It helps send messages from one nerve cell to the next. In the 1960s, Joseph J. Schildkraut suggested norepinephrine was the brain chemical of interest for depression when he presented the catecholamine hypothesis of mood disorders. He proposed depression occurred when there is too little norepinephrine in certain brain circuits. Alternatively, mania results when there is too much of the neurotransmitter in the brain. There is evidence that supports the hypothesis, however, it has not gone unchallenged by researchers. For one, changes in norepinephrine levels do not affect mood in every person. Further, medications specifically targeting norepinephrine may alleviate depression in some people, but not in others. Therefore, researchers now understand that having too little norepinephrine isnt the only chemical cause of depression. Catecholamines and the Stress Response Serotonin Another neurotransmitter is serotonin or the feel good chemical. In addition to helping regulate your mood, serotonin has a number of different jobs throughout the body from your gut to blood clotting to sexual function. In relation to its role in depression, serotonin has taken center stage in the past few decades thanks to the advent of antidepressant medications like Prozac (fluoxetine) and other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). As their name implies, these medications specifically act on serotonin molecules. Researchers have been looking into serotonins role in mood disorders for almost 30 years. Arthur J. Prange, Jr. and Alec Coppens permissive hypothesis originally suggested low serotonin levels allowed levels of norepinephrine to fall as well, but that serotonin levels could be manipulated to indirectly raise norepinephrine. Newer antidepressants called serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) like Effexor (venlafaxine) target both serotonin and norepinephrine. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) also affect both norepinephrine and serotonin, however, they have the added effect of influencing histamine and acetylcholine. These substances produce the side effects TCAs are known for, such as dry mouth, blurry vision, constipation, and urinary hesitancy, among others. SSRIs, on the other hand, do not affect histamine and acetylcholine and dont have the same side effects, and are safer from a cardiovascular standpoint. Therefore, doctors, psychiatrists, and people with depression tend to prefer them to older classes of antidepressants like TCAs. Dopamine A third substance that might play a role in mood is dopamine. Dopamine creates positive feelings associated with reward or reinforcement that motivate us to continue with a task or activity. Dopamine is believed to play an important role in a variety of conditions affecting the brain, including Parkinsons and schizophrenia. There is also evidence that reduced dopamine levels can contribute to depression in some people.?? When other treatments have failed, medications that affect the dopamine system are often added and can be helpful for some people with depression. How Addictions Develop Low Neurotransmitter Levels If low levels of neurotransmitters can contribute to depression, an important question is what causes the low levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, or dopamine in the first place? Research has indicated several potential causes of chemical imbalances in the brain, including: Too little of a specific neurotransmitter (for example, serotonin) is being producedNot enough receptor sites to receive the neurotransmitterPresynaptic cells are taking the neurotransmitter back up before it has a chance to reach the receptor cellToo few of the molecules that build neurotransmitters (chemical precursors)Molecules that help make neurotransmitters (specific enzymes) are in short supply When there is a breakdown anywhere in the process, low levels of neurotransmitters can result. Several emerging theories are concerned with the factors that promote lowered levels, such as cellular (specifically mitochondrial) stress.?? But one of the main challenges for researchers and doctors hoping to connect depression to low levels of specific brain chemicals is that they dont have a way to consistently and accurately measure them.?? Treating Depression Understanding the chemistry of depression may help people better understand the treatments available. While psychotherapy is helpful for some people with depression, if there is a chemical imbalance in the brain, it may not be enough to address their symptoms. If a person finds that therapy alone is not helping them manage their depression, they may want to try medication. For some people, antidepressants combined with psychotherapy proves especially effective for addressing their symptoms. To complicate treatment further, medication does not always work for people with depression. One study evaluating the effectiveness of currently available antidepressants found that these medications only work in about 60% of people with depression.?? Even if your depression is primarily linked to an imbalance of chemicals in the brain, depression affects both your internal and external life. Therefore, medication without therapy may not be sufficient to address all the ways in which depression can affect you. There is also research that suggests neurotransmitter levels can be affected by factors other than medication and that psychotherapy can help a person learn about them. For example, stress may contribute to low levels of certain neurotransmitters. While taking an antidepressant medication might help with the symptoms, it doesnt necessarily address the cause of the low levels. In this situation, therapy to improve stress management and reduce stress could potentially be helpful. Combating Stigma ?Acknowledging the limitations of our current knowledge of depression and its treatment is important. In recent years, some researchers have expressed concerns that pharmaceutical companies marketing antidepressant medications may have misled consumers by oversimplifying or misrepresenting the research into the brain chemistry of depression.?? Additionally, sociological research has found that the stigma attached to depression (and taking medication to treat it) is not necessarily lessened by the theory of chemical imbalance. Several studies have found that when told depression is caused by a chemical imbalance, people tend to feel less confident in their ability to manage the condition.?? Other studies have found that when depression is framed as a disease of the brain, people are more likely to feel the need to avoid a person with depression (usually out of the fear that they are dangerous).?? Not all the research has been negative, though. Several studies included in a 2012 meta-analysis indicated that one of the most effective ways to address and challenge social stigma around mental illness is to educate and discuss conditions and treatmentâ€"which includes being upfront and honest about what is still unknown or not well understood. Depression Statistics Everyone Should Know More Than Changing Brain Chemistry Researchers are studying other molecular pathways in the brain (the glutaminergic, cholinergic, and opioid systems) to see what role they may play in depression. It may be that rather than a simple deficiency in a one specific brain chemical being the causative factor, some depression symptoms could be related to the relative levels of each type of neurotransmitter in different regions of the brain. Rather than being a simple equation of some unknown factor causing low levels of one or more neurotransmitters and these low levels creating the symptoms of depression, the actual basis of depression is much more complex. While this complexity is often evident to people living with depression, medical professionals and researchers are still trying to understand the intricate nature of diagnosing and treating the condition. For example, in addition to the role of neurotransmitters, we know there are multiple factors involved in causing depression ranging from genetic factors and childhood experiences to our present day-to-day lives and relationships. Even inflammation is being explored as a potential contributing factor.?? A Word From Verywell Neurotransmitters likely play a role in depression, but its also clear that biochemical changes alone cannot explain the complete reality of depression; other factors are at play as well. Accepting how little we truly know about the chemistry of depression can help us maintain perspective and expectations for the medications used to treat depression. For people who are trying to find the right treatment, understanding the complex chemistry can be reassuring when a particular drug doesnt work for them or if they need to try more than one antidepressant.?? Understanding the complexity of depression can also be helpful for those who have been offered hurtful advice, such as being told to just snap out of it. It is no easier for someone to forget they are depressed than it would be for someone with diabetes to lower their blood sugar by simply not thinking about it. Being realistic about the limitations of our knowledge can help us remember that for the time being, there is no one treatment that will work for everyone with depression. More often than not an interdisciplinary approach is needed. At the very least, every person dealing with depression needs and deserves a support team. The Best Online Resources for Depression

Business Plan Namaste International Hotel Essays

Based on our business level strategy, the category we plan to be in will be a luxury, five-star hotel targeted towards international businesspeople. The name of the hotel will be ‘Namaste International Hotel.’ Namaste is a common greeting that originates from India and is used to acknowledge the divine spirit or soul of an individual (Geno). The greeting can be used by individuals of all ages. In Sanskrit, the term translates to â€Å"I bow to you† (Geno). Namaste has a spiritual connotation used to recognize that we are all one. It is one of the few Sanskrit words that are commonly recognized by non-Hindi speakers (Geno). The term Namaste in written notation is commonly used as a closing remark, very similar to â€Å"sincerely† or â€Å"regards.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦Since the Namaste salutation is virtually known worldwide, it should be more acceptable and not cause any material risk to our business strategy. Target Market The target market for Namaste International Hotel is international businessmen and businesswomen working for large, growing firms that have either expanded or plan to expand in the Indian market. A survey conducted using strategic market segmentation found that â€Å"fifty-percent of hotel customers are between ages forty-one and fifty-five.† Additionally, the survey indicated that over forty-percent of customers earn more than $50,000 annually (Morton). To specify our target market, we will focus on American Baby Boomers as well as relatable people from around the world over the age of forty with an average household income of $100,000 and a high level of education or business success (Morton). Targeting this upscale segment will be successful because the total market is comprised of approximately eighty million people in just the U.S. alone. This audience is typically found â€Å"at the very top of the world’s largest, most powerful companies.† Furthermore, à ¢â‚¬Å"as established career professionals, they have tremendous buying power† (Lyon). The U.S. Census Bureau estimates that Baby Boomer buying power is equal to $2.3 trillion annually (U.S. Census Bureau). Another advantage associated with targeting American Baby Boomers and similar people from around the world rests with this group’s newfoundShow MoreRelatedMarket Entry Into India Essay1751 Words   |  8 PagesGLOBAL HOTEL INDUSTRY STRATEGY AND LOCATION DETERMINANTS The Porter’s Five Forces analysis and the assessment of the general environment of the Indian hotel industry suggest that opportunities clearly outweigh threats in this marketplace. The major competition in the hotel industry in India contains the ‘two-star’ and ‘three-star’ hotels. 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The Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka - 1435 Words

Franz Kafka is renowned for prophetic and profoundly enigmatic stories that portray human degradation and cruelty. (Bloom) The Metamorphosis is said to be one of Franz Kafka’s best works of literature. It shows the difficulties of living in a modern society and the struggle for acceptance of others when in a time of need. (Bloom) The Metamorphosis is about a young man, Gregor Samsa, who is transformed overnight into a bug. He soon becomes a disgrace to his family. After his metamorphosis, his family goes through an even bigger change than Gregor. In this novel Kafka directly reflects upon many of the negative aspects of his personal life, both mentally and physically. (Jiminez) When comparing Franz Kafka and his personal life to The Metamorphosis it is obvious in more ways than one that he was writing a twisted story of his life. (Breckman) There are a few major ways in which Kafka put his life into parts of The Metamorphosis. Gregor’s room is similar to Kafka’s Old Town Square where he watched everything from a window. Gregor’s abusive relationship with his father parallels Kafka’s relationship to his father. (Lawson) Kafka’s real father shares many characteristics with Gregor’s father, such as being strict, overbearing and abusive. Gregor’s mother was scared and unsupportive towards Gregor paralleling Kafka’s actual mother who seemed very distant, and shy. All of these things are seen in The Metamorphosis. So why did Kafka use parts of his identity and of hisShow MoreRelatedThe Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka1052 Words   |  4 PagesFranz Kafka wrote one of his most popular books, The Metamorphosis, during the literary period and movement of existentialism. His novella stresses many existential ideals. The most predominant ideal that is seen through Gregor Samsa and his father in The Metamorphosis is that choice is the opportune of the individual. 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There are many interpretations that can form this tale as the indifference by the society that is concerned with different individuals, and isolation pushing some cases to the solitude. Some consider The Metamorphosis as an autobiography of the author, which tries to capture the loneliness and isolation that he felt at some pointRead MoreThe Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka1246 Words   |  5 PagesIt can be hard to understand the meaning of the novella â€Å"The Metamorphosis,† written by Franz Kafka, withou t thinking of the background. Due to the fact that, â€Å"using† and knowing â€Å"[the] background knowledge† of a story is important to read a â€Å"text† (Freebody and Luke). In the novella â€Å"The metamorphosis†, â€Å"Kafka’s personal history† has been â€Å"artfully [expressed]† (Classon 82). The novella was written in 1916, before the World War 1 in German {Research}. When the novella was written, in the EuropeRead MoreThe Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka1380 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"I cannot make anyone understand what is happening inside me. I cannot even explain it to myself†: A Psychoanalysis reading of â€Å"The Metamorphosis† by Kafka The Metamorphosis is known to be one of Franz Kafka’s best works of literature. It demonstrates the interconnection between his personal life and the protagonist, Gregor Samsa, of â€Å"The Metamorphosis.† Franz Kafka was born in 1883 and grew up in a financially stable Jewish family in Prague. He was the only son left after the death of his youngerRead MoreThe Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka656 Words   |  3 PagesMuch of Franz Kafkas story â€Å"The Metamorphosis† spends its time talking about Gregor as he struggles to live his new life as a bug. Gregor tries to find a analytical reason as to why he has taken upon this form but later on finds on that he has to accept the truth. From being an ordinary travel salesman and provider for his family to a abomination, Gregor becomes hopeless as he cant work or provide for his family. His new life as an insect causes a hardship as he is faced with isolation from hisRead MoreThe Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka783 Words    |  4 Pages In the story â€Å"The Metamorphosis†, written by Franz Kafka, Gregor’s family represents the causing factor that prompts Gregor to become a cockroach. Gregor’s family is a symbol of a repressive structure that inhibits Gregor’s every thought and action. When Gregor gets up in the morning to get ready for work and finds that he has been transformed into a cockroach, he ponders about how maybe he should just go in to work late and get fired, but then realizes that he cannot because â€Å"if [he] were not holdingRead MoreThe Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka947 Words   |  4 PagesThe Metamorphosis is a novella written by German author Franz Kafka which was first published in 1915. The novella tells the story of Gregor Samsa, a traveling salesman who one day awoke to discover he had transformed into an insect like monstrosity. Throughout the story, Gregor struggles with the horrible prospect of coming to terms with his situation, as well as copin g with the effects of his transformation, such as the fact that his family is repelled by his new form, and that he is no longerRead MoreThe Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka1021 Words   |  4 PagesFranz Kafka’s, The Metamorphosis, is a novella about Gregor Samsa, a man who devotes everything to fulfilling the needs of his family. Kafka’s existentialist perspective on the meaning of life is illustrated through the use of the protagonist of Gregor Samsa. Existentialism is a philosophy â€Å"concerned with finding self and the meaning of life through free will, choice, and personal responsibility† (Existentialism). Gregor is unable to fulfill the existentialist view of finding meaning in one’s life;Read MoreThe Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka1050 Words   |  5 PagesOn the surface, â€Å"The Metamorphosis† by Franz Kafka is an evocative story of a man transformed into a â€Å"monstrous vermin†. It seems to focus on the dark transformation of the story’s protagonist, Gregor, but there is an equal and opposing transformation that happens within Gregor’s family. Although Gregor has physically changed at the beginning of the story, he remains relatively unchanged as the novella progresses. The family, on the other hand, is forced to drastically change how they support themselves

WHAP Semester Review Free Essays

string(348) " and presented the as together \(Influential\) Geneva \(city\), was a protestant community model, his ml colorless were most active in France, also ventured to Germany, low countries, England Scotland, and Hungary churches were established in these lands and worked reform for Protestant reformation; most successful= Netherlands and Scotland d c\." The Foundations of Christian Society in Western Europe: Chapter 16 a. Examine the invasions that plagued Europe after the fall of Rome. How WA s Europe influenced by these migrations? Why did Charlemagne appoint officials known as the miss Dominic Miss Dominic envoys of The Lord ruler. We will write a custom essay sample on WHAP Semester Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now They traveled every year to local jurist dictions and reviewed the accounts of local authorities Compare the role that Christianity played in Western Europe to the role played d by Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism in creating political and social unity in the postvocalic world. Discuss the life of a serf living on a manor in early medieval Europe. What coo old the serfs expect from the nobleman? What opportunities did the serf have? Serfs semi free individuals which owed obligations to the Lords (cultivated lands) Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Interchangeable 17 Examine the role of Genesis Khan played in the expansion of the Mongol MME ire. What were the foundations of his success? What was his legacy? First great leader of Mongol empire. Uses cavalry/ horses to surprise the enemy Describe the political and economic structures of the Mongol Empire under t e Khans No government, economic or social structure put in place. Khans use an indri etc rule. Tribe leaders report to the Khans. Examine the military campaigns of Kabuki Khan and how they impacted the Mongol Empire Tried to conquer Southeast Asia. Grandson of Genesis Khan. Western Europe during the High Middle Chapters 19 Examine the origins and growth of the Holy Roman Empire. What were its strengths and its main limitations? Otto becomes emperor in 962 CE. Ongoing conflict between the popes, meme Ross and the papacy (part of the pope). Both made large claims to the authority of Chris titan Europe. Examine the reign of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarous and describe e his relationship with the Catholic Church. Frederick Barbarous (also known as â€Å"the red beard has conflicts with the pop pep. He wanted to control Lombardy (N. Italy). Combine Lombardy with his German h loading which would lead to dominate Europe in one big state. Describe the political structure of Italy. (10001500 c. E. ) Cityscapes, Florence, Venice, Bologna, Genoa, Milan. These states were wealth y and dominated Urban districts. Examine the Norman invasion and explain why it was so successful. 66, William the Conqueror takes over England on Christmas Day European Exploration: Appurtenance’s 22 (joss) Why did dad Gamma sail to Calicle in 1498? He carried letters of introduction from the king of Portugal as well as cargo sees of gold, pearls, wool textiles, bronze ware, iron tools, and other goods that he hoped t o exchange for pepper and spices in India. He set up a trading post. Cinnamon and pe pper How were the Portuguese able to dominate trade with Asia? What food pr ducts were very important to them? Important crops included Indian pepper, cloves, and nutmeg. Why did the Portuguese force merchant ships to pay duties? O control trade routes by forcing merchant vessels to call at fortified trading g sites and pay duties What was the astrolabe used for? The astrolabe was a simplified version of an instrument used by Greek and Persian astronomers to determine latitude by measuring the angle of the sun or the p ole star above the horizon. European Exploration: Sheepshearers 22 How were the Spanish able to conquer the Philippines? What religion were the eye trying to spread? Spanish were able to conquer the Philippines because they had no central go Vermont, there was no organized resistance to the intrusion. The Spanish were trying t o spread Roman Catholicism What city was the center of Spanish commercial activity in Asia The city that was the center of Spanish commercial activity in Asia was Manila What did the Columbian Exchange lead to regarding the populations of Europe e and the Americas? The Columbian Exchange lead to a decrease in population in the Americas an d an increase in Europe. Overall increase in the World) Smallpox decreases popular Zion and more food products increases European population. European Exploration: British a. Describe Captain James Cook’s travels and the hardships he endured. Captain James Cook traveled to the pacific islands. He died in in a scuffle with the indigenous people Of Hawaii. He charted eastern Australia, new Zealand, and added new Caledonia, vaunt, Hawaii to European maps was his greatest accomplish hymen. It is also notable that he probed the frigid waters of the arctic waters. B. Examine the Seven Years’ War. What started this conflict? Who won and w hat were the longer consequences of this victory? (Chapters 22/23) The Seven Years’ War was a global conflict that took place in several geography which theaters including Europe, India, The Caribbean, and The Americas. This war was caused by the thirst of establishing markets and monopolies by European expo lowers. At the end of the war other countries were left in shambles as Britain stood victor rigorous and was foreseen as one of the greatest empires of that time period. Transformation of Europe: Chapter 23 a. Examine the career of Martin Luther. What were the foundations of his Reformation? What drove him to write the Initiative Theses Martin Luther taught that salvation in heaven is not earned by good deeds buy received only as a free gift of god’s grace. His theology challenged the authority y of the Pope. Wanted to translate the Bible from Latin to other languages so that the common man could read it. B. Explain John Calling’s role regarding the Reformation? Describe the Importance of his book, Institutes of the Christian Religion. E was a French lawyer who converted to Protestant Christianity in the sass, slipped across France (suppressed Protestants) to Switzerland organized a Protestant community and worked with local officials to impose a strict code of morality and discipline on the city his influential treatise Institutes of the Christian Religion (published 1536) and it systematized protestant teachings and presented the as t ogether (Influential) Geneva (city), was a protestant community model, his ml colorless were most active in France, also ventured to Germany, low countries, England Scotland, and Hungary churches were established in these lands and worked reform for Protestant reformation; most successful= Netherlands and Scotland d c. You read "WHAP Semester Review" in category "Papers" Examine the Council of Trend and explain its impact on the Reformation oft he Church The Council of Trend was an assembly of bishops, cardinals, and other high chi arch officials who met intermittently between 1 545 and 1 563 to address matters of doctrine and reform. The Council defined the elements of the Roman Catholic Church t hello in detail, as well as acknowledge the abuses that the Roman Catholic Church did; the council took steps to reform the Church. The Council demanded that church a authorities observe strict standards of morality, and it required them to establish schools and seminaries in their districts to prepare priests properly for their roles. D. After the Roman Empire crumbles, how did the Catholic Church unify Europe Catholicism had spread and remained dominant over much of the Roman E mà ªlà ©e’s lifespan. After the empire falls, in those times of uncertainty, people were sea aching for something to provide continuity and authority. Although people no longer bell engorged to the Roman Empire, they could still belong to the Catholic Church. E. Explain why Gigantic Loyola created the Society of Jesus. To extend the boundaries of the reformed Roman church, an offensive society f. Describe the key policies pursued by Louis XIV of France regarding the army , the economy, and the palace at Versailles. E encouraged court officials and prominent nobles to live at court, where his staff could keep an eye on them, Louis and his ministers ran the state from Versailles, the eye put out saws and controlled a massive standing army that kept order throughout the and they also promoted economic development by supporting the estab lishment of new industries, building roads and canals, abolishing internal tariffs, and encourage inning exports they waged a series Of wars designed to enlarge French boundaries and estate sis France as the preeminent power in Europe g. What were the consequences of the Peace of Westphalia? (23) The end of the seven years war Transformation of Europe: Scientific Revolutionaries 23 a. Examine the careers of Galileo Galilee and explain his impact during the Scientific Revolution. Galileo showed that the heavens were not perfect, unblemished realm in which h the Ptolemaic astronomers believed, but rather a world of change, flux, and many unsuspected sights. He took the telescope and turned it towards the sky, which h allowed him to see spots on the sun, and mountains on the months discredited the t hero that the heavenly bodies were smooth and perfectly spherical. He also noticed off r moons In the planet Jupiter and caught sight Of distant Stars, which implied that the nun verse was much larger than anyone expected. He also contributed in understanding tear astral motion. He had experiments that showed velocity of a falling object doesn’t m tater on weight, but rather the height from which they fall. B. Describe the importance of Newton’s theory of universal gravitation. Jugulate the motions of bodies throughout the universe, he offered precise mathematical explanations of the laws that govern movements of bodies on t he earth this allowed him t o work on the sciences Of astronomy and mechanics, also a Lowed him to explain a vast range of unrelated phenomena (flow of the tides gravitation al pull of moon and orbits of planets reflect the gravitational influence of the sun earth and other evenly bodies) served as the unquestioned framework for the physical ice once until the twentieth century c. Why were the early discoveries of the Scientific Revolution met with such resistance? In what ways did these discoveries destroy an old worldview and create a new one? The Scientific Revolution met with resistance from Ptolemaic scientists which scorned at the new discoveries made in the Scientific Revolution. With this debate it was hard for the revolution to gain much follow in the beginning, but later due to its accuracy icy, it destroyed the old worldview and created a new one. For example, Ptolemaic s nineties believed that the planets revolved around the Earth, but scientist Nicholas Co uppercuts claimed the planets orbit around the sun and the claim was supported with d ATA New Worlds: The Americas and Contraceptive 24 A. Examine the immediate impact of the Spanish arrival in the Americas. (Focus s on diseases) How did the encomia system work? What does the term â€Å"messiest† refer to? Spanish established the fort of Santos Domingo, capital of Spanish Caribbean, originally wanted to build forts and trading posts, no Silks and spice sees in Caribbean diseases. Like smallpox hit hard = demographic decline, the encompasses yester launched raiding parties to kidnap and enslave taints and other pep piles, first attempted to support their society by mining gold, recruitment of Taints I abort came through institutions encomia system gave Spanish settlers the right to co impel Taints to work in their mines or fields, in return for labor, Spanish looked eve r workers’ health and welfare and to encourage their conversion to Christianity. Cities a person combined Of native American and European descent B. Describe the relationship between Herman Cortes and the Aztec. Herman Cortes was a part of the conquest for Mexico (gold), they seized the e proper In Ethnocentric, they were driven away from the capital, Cortes sided the capital and in 1521 they stared the city into surrender, they basically fighter them very agar excessively and the Aztec resisted, Spanish had more weapons and horses though ask C. Why did the conquistadors not welcome Spanish bureaucrats to the New World? What were the two centers of Spanish royal authority in the Americas ? (16th century) Mexico and Peru (Lima or Newcastle) Explain the impact of the Treaty of Terrestrial. Treaty between Spain and Portugal in 1494. The a Treaty of Terrestrial divide d the oral along an imaginary northbound line. According to this agreement, Spain could claim land west of that line, so long as it was not already under Christian rule, Portugal gained the same rights along the North Eastern part of the South Am Rican Continent. Why did the Portuguese show more interest in Brazil? Who did the Portuguese e rely on to work on these sugar plantations? They relied on imported African slaves as laborers to work the sugar plantations Brazil had an abundance of sugar canes that was very economically profitable Explain the importance of controlling the fur trade in North America. Was lucrative and very profitable, Why did the British create a prison colony at Botany Bay? Cook reported that the region was suitable for settlement, in 1788 a British flee et arrived there carrying lots of convicts (eight hundred out of one thousand), they herd De sheep at this new penal colony Africa and the Atlantic World Chapter 25 a. Explain the role played by the Portuguese in the transformation of east and South Africa during early modern times. What were Portugal main goals? In 1482, a small Portuguese fleet initiated commercial relations with the king mom of Kong. Portuguese merchants had established a close political and diplomatic relationship with the kings of Kong. They supported the kings with resources . Kings of Congo converted to Christianity (King Fanons l) as a way to establish closer co imperial relations with Portuguese merchants and the Portuguese monarchy. Portugal’ s main goals were gold, silver, ivory, and most important Of all slaves. Soon after the Kong kingdom fell, the Portuguese went to the Kingdom of Indigo where they were e able to find an abundance of slaves. Examine maritime trade in early modern Africa. What kingdoms were created New kingdoms begun to emerge largely due to the fact of trade. Kingdoms like e Great Zanzibar was created. However later on, a series of smaller kingdoms dispel aced the rulers of Great Zanzibar. Europeans struck alliances with local people and pr vided them support with the aim of supporting allies and advancing their own inter sets,. C. In what ways did Islam and Christianity transform sub Sahara Africa? What happened to the indigenous religions? Islam Was the most popular in commercial centers Of west African and Swahili states in east Africa. Timeout had an Islamic university and 1 80 schools taught the Qua an. Islam was blended with indigenous beliefs and customs. Christianity as well blended d with the indigenous beliefs and customs. Tradition and Change in East Asia Chapter 26 a. Describe the political and social structures of East Asian societies. What type e of relationship did East Asian societies have with Europe? How to cite WHAP Semester Review, Papers

Smoking is very Glamorous Essay Example

Smoking is very Glamorous Paper A Poster is as defined in the Oxford dictionary a placard posted or displayed in a public place as an announcement or advertisement. The aim of a poster is to sell a product, or to get a point of view across to a large target audience. The posters produced usually fall into 3 main genres, informative, Political and commercial purposes.  Posters usually can make a huge impact on its audience by grabbing attention through laughter, protest or questions. To achieve a maximum target audience they are placed in public areas e.g. very busy roads and streets on billboards, on the public transport system London Underground, Buses, trains, cinemas, factories, shops and shopping areas. Over the years posters have had to evolve the designs and the vocabulary. Also they have had to take into consideration the current environmental and social issues that are particularly sensitive. A very good example of this is the old Bovril advert where a bull is looking into a jar of Bovril mourning the loss of his brother. For now that would appear distasteful to vegetarians and those concerned with animal rights and animal welfare. Bovril is still advertised but in a far more appropriate manner. Modern posters have not only evolved with social and environmental issues but also in their designs graphically and imagery. This is due too much more advanced technology for print, photography, 3d, rotation and lightening.  Fig 1 Fig 2  Poster 1  Smoking is very Glamorous  This is one of a series of posters produced in USA by the American Cancer Society, which stresses the consequences of smoking. This poster (fig 2) has a picture of a person I use the term a person, as it is very difficult to identify whether it is a male or female, this person is possibly elderly and has large bags under their eyes and is very wrinkled. They are portraying an ugly, dirty person who has smoked all their life. In their hand is a cigarette, which they are taking a long hard drag on. We will write a custom essay sample on Smoking is very Glamorous specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Smoking is very Glamorous specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Smoking is very Glamorous specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This image is depicting a very dirty image, which according to the wording is meant to be glamorous. I feel that this is implying that smoking is a disgusting and dirty habit. The wording underneath is written to be sarcastic saying smoking is very glamorous it is using a play on the words as from this picture you actually get a completely different message you can clearly see that smoking is not at all glamorous. This poster is very effective as you read the words first because they really stand out and then the image hits you and makes you really think, it is quite a depressing image, subtly displaying the effects of ageing and ill health all consequences of long term smoking. It certainly has the capabilities of making an impact and grabbing the target audiences attention. It has created the image from the originator to the recipient that it is not really as glamorous as some people have said and that it can kill you. Since the age of Jazz, Hollywood portrayed the image of smoking as the thing to do to look glamorous as can be seen in the advert in fig 1, so when this advert appeared in the 1970s it contradicted that image with huge effect. Poster 2  This drink has been rated for mature audiences only  Fig 3  I have chosen this poster to look at as it is on the other side of Health issues and that is promoting alcohol. Promoting alcohol is a very sensitive subject as people are much more health consious and concerned about health issues and like cigaretttes alcohol is an addictive drug the root of all evil. Here (fig3) this is the Dewars Scotch advert for the drink Absolute Vodka. You can see an attractive women on the top holding a tray with glasses of drink probably vodka on it clearly happy and enjoying her self. Underneath her is a bottle of the vodka tighly secure in a chain, padlock and key with the words This drink has been rated for mature audiences only. At first sight this advert is giving the message to the recipient to discourage them from under age drinking. I feel that the alcohol industry does not want the under age to drink but it does want to promote a positive attitude towards drink before they start drinking. This advert is I feel one of those from the originator aimed at those adolescents who are anxious to enter into adult life by almost encouraging them with the words This drink has been rated for mature audiences only As stated in the Advertising Age product image is probably the most important element in selling liquor Dewars Scotch ran this advert as part of its successful long running campaign for Absolut vodka managing to create that image. As you can see in the poster it focuses on the shape of the bottle and the word Absolut I think they are trying to promate it as absolut perfection hence why the bottle is set in a halo. What the chains symbolise I am not sure but I do feel if that you are a problem drinker you will be chained to that bottle. I do feel that this advert is aimed at the image, and making that image of drinking sexy. I do feel that this is not good for the future of our generation the children and adolescents. Cigarettes have to carry a Government Health warning and are limited to where and how the adverts are displayed and I do feel that alcohol should be treated the same, rather than promted as sexy like the cigarettes were up to world war two.

Adolescent Risk Substance and Addiction

Adolescent Risk Substance and Addiction Introduction According to Stanis and Andersen (2014), substance use among adolescents occurs when one consumes drugs or alcohol. Substance use may not always cause addiction, but it might cause habituation when used repeatedly. The continued use of drugs and alcohol leads to substance abuse.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Adolescent Risk: Substance and Addiction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The problems associated with this vice affect personal life, education, health, and safety. When adolescents are addicted, they continue using drugs even when they are aware of the consequences. After addiction, it becomes hard for the adolescents to stop taking drugs. Instead, they become tolerant to the drugs. Since the dependency on drugs is the key indicator for addiction, many adolescents have become addicts due to many factors. This paper will show that during adolescence, the probability of drug usage and depe ndency is high. In addition, this life period is crucial as structural and functional developments occur in the body, and thus individuals are highly vulnerable to acquiring a substance use disorder. Therefore, it is necessary for parents to ensure that they keep close supervision of their children to prevent possible initiation to drugs and alcohol. In addition, early adolescence is the best moment when caregivers and child psychiatrists can initiate drug use and abuse prevention programs. Factors that lead to substance use and addiction Many factors lead to substance use and addiction among teens in the United States including sociocultural, psychodynamic, and biological elements. Various sociocultural factors influence drug and alcohol use amongst adolescents. These factors entail societal and cultural issues that influence substance use and addiction. Stern and Morr (2013) indicate that films that are produced and watched in the United States can affect the adolescents’ p erceptions toward substance use and initiation.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Watching films depicting youths smoking and drinking alcohol may create the attitude that drugs are necessary to increase efficacy if the character is presented as a hero. In addition, drinking and smoking characters in movies are represented as personalities who enjoy the high-class status, and this lifestyle appeases teenagers. The mass media has also provided much information about substance use, thus leaving the adolescent with curiosity and urge to try drugs and alcohol. Peer pressure is a significant cause of substance use and in the process of conforming, one ends up being addicted. Living among friends who drink alcohol or do drugs increases the probability that a teenager will be compelled to ape the peers. Unfortunately, in the United States, a large number in the society ofte n views drunkenness as humorous and trendy. Most teens end up enjoying getting high simply because they attract attention due to the silly things they do when inebriated. Other teens use drugs and alcohol to escape the societal pressures According to Pape (2012), adolescents always like living among friends who appreciate what they do and they are encouraged to continue with their habits when their friends join them. Psychodynamic factors entail emotional issues, past events, as well as psychological disorders. A teenager, who went through a challenging childhood, may feel inferior and scared in life (Clinton, Clark Straub, 2010). Consequently, they start drug and alcohol use to deal with their situations. Psychodynamic factors often occur subconsciously. Teens in this situation do not recognize that they are consuming drugs and alcohol in a bid to erase their past issues. However, teens unknowingly end up developing drug dependency whenever they face situations that remind them of their past.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Adolescent Risk: Substance and Addiction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Continued dependency automatically causes addiction and teens start to feel inadequate when not using drugs or alcohol. Furthermore, mental disorders can play a role in substance use and addiction. Adolescents who suffer from mental disorders find solace in substance use as a way of self-intervention. They end up being addicted because they feel relieved whenever they use drugs to help them deal with their psychological disorders (Schmidt, Lee Beecham, 2007). Biological factors entail heritable genetic risks that may lead to a certain disorder. The presence of a substance use disorder in one or both parents has predominantly been indicated to be a key risk aspect amongst adolescents. Some people have unique physiology and genetic traits that trigger substance use and find enjoyment, hence it becomes hard to resist drugs and alcohol. Thus, these teens are at a high risk of developing drug dependency due to their genetic vulnerability (Dennis, White Ives, 2009). However, this aspect should not be used as an excuse to abuse drugs and alcohol because some intervention measures can be applied to minimize the risks. Legal and ethical issues influencing substance use Even though substance use at early age is prohibited in the United States, adolescents gravitate towards drug and alcohol use and end up being addicted by an array of drugs and alcohol (Stern Morr, 2013). Most Americans attach some essence to being left to make own decisions. The notion of individuality has permeated almost all areas of the Americans’ private lives and parents end up letting children make uninformed decisions in the precept of developing independence.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More People believe that the United States provides a legal structure, which limits the government and others from exercising control on one’s private life. The principle of independence is transcribed in the Constitution and the legal systems have retaliated the need to let the Americans make own decisions regarding issues that influence their private lives. However, the situation is relatively different for adolescents since they lack the capacity to make some decisions and the society does not allow them to make decisions such as indulging in substance use. Even though the law on the usage of drugs and alcohol restricts adolescents below the age of 18 years, they indulge in this malpractice regardless of its legal and ethical repercussions. In addition, even when the law prohibits substance use among teens, it lacks proper procedures towards preventing this malpractice. Some ethical issues such as informed consent, confidentiality, and children rights pose significant challenge s when dealing with this issue (Kong, Singh, Camenga, Cavallo Krishnan-Sarin, 2013). Despite the various consequences related to substance use and addiction, drug and alcohol use continues to be a problematic practice to a large number of American teenagers. The ethical decision-making approaches are a stabling block when identifying a swift way to address substance use among teenagers. For instance, the issue of informed consent serves to meet the moral duty of respect for the addicted adolescents. By issuing the teenagers with the options of choosing to engage in counseling program or not, it gives them the courage to advance with their behaviors. Despite the teenagers’ functional and cognitive capacity, they should not be allowed to feel protected by the law, since the impulsivity of the substance might compel them to underrate the risks that they engage in (Kuehn, 2007). In addition, teens develop a misconception that they are doing free to do what they want provided the y do not harm others. Individual Characteristics of adolescent substance abusers In many cases, individual characteristics of teenagers who use drugs and alcohol at times resemble typical teenager behavior. This aspect makes it hard to determine whether a teen is using drugs or going through the usual adolescence experience. In the US, a high percentage of substance users among the adolescents are boys. The non-white populations are said to be more affected as compared to their white counterparts. According to Dennis et al. (2009), the African American teens who report to have been using drugs and alcohol also confess to having experienced early negative childhood experiences such as abuse or neglect. Familial issues relating to living standards are the main reasons why substance use is prevalent among the non-white adolescents. Personal appearance is a key indicator that a teen may have been using drugs. Messy outlook demonstrates a lack of concern for one’s appearance. Afte r continued use of drugs and alcohol, adolescents find little essence about their hygiene and they do not mind if their current situation affects others. Eyes appear reddish due to alcohol consumption and lips look soot like. Adolescents who indulge in substance use develop personal habits that include frequent night-outs, increased need for privacy, and avoiding eye contact with parents and teachers. Adolescents also develop an increased craving for money, and thus they might end up stealing from family and friends because drugs are expensive. Drug usage may also result in a sudden lack of appetite or generate sudden appetite upon use. Adolescents often engage in fast and multiple intoxications because most drugs are short acting, but with a rampant onset. This scenario is mostly witnessed among teenagers who do not like delayed gratification or have generated the perception that they are efficient when intoxicated (Dunn, 2014). Among the teens that are attending schools, when they initiate substance abuse, they develop poor school attendance and end up dropping out of school or they are suspended due to undesirable behaviors. Delinquency is another common trait among adolescent substance abusers. In most cases, teens who use drugs engage in theft and burglary activities to obtain money to buy drugs. In addition, the users become increasingly disruptive, vulgar, and aberrant due to the rapid influence of the drugs. Mental disorders and emotional problems are common characteristics among teenagers that use drugs and alcohol. Even though mental disorders may not develop during early adolescence, with continued abuse, the user becomes highly susceptible to various mental disorders. Anxiety, depression, and anger start to impair the individuals’ judgment, hence a significant drop in academic performance (Ruiz, Strain, Langrod, 2007). Family problems affecting adolescents The family, as a socializing institution, is a major protective agent for the adolesc ents. When the family is dysfunctional, it is potentially a risk factor to the development of adolescents. Risk factors related to the family can take various forms, which include problems associated with family dynamics and functioning, family characteristics, and environment where families reside (Barnett et al., 2014). When present, family problems influence certain teenagers more adversely than others to engage in habits that can be detrimental. Risk factors associated with family dynamics and functioning are highly linked to rebellious behavior among teens. For instance, inappropriate parental practices like lack of close supervision, unnecessary permissiveness, inadequate or exceedingly strict discipline, and poor communication pose huge problems for the adolescents. This aspect leads to substance use, poor performance in school, and voluntary association in delinquency groups such as teen gangs. Close supervision is the major variable that predetermines other traits of family functioning. The parents should learn how to identify if their children are using drugs and alcohol. Good communication is necessary to convince the teenager to avoid any form of substance abuse. Mistreatments during early childhood development and family conflicts cause substantial physical and psychological damage to the adolescents. Witnessing violence in the family creates a lasting risk impression that may lead to aggressiveness and anger among teenagers. Mistreatment has been linked with several delinquency behaviors such as dropping out of school, teen pregnancy, and substance use. Family criminality and particularly that of the father, is a clear predictor of inappropriate behavior in boys. Adolescents find it hard to live with this reality, and thus they start using drugs and alcohol to forget about things that negatively affect their wellbeing (Nakhaee Jadidi, 2009). In a case where parents use drugs and alcohol, there is a high probability that children will be tempted to initiate and unfortunately they end being addicts. Problems related to family characteristics include the implications of single parenthood. Single parenting is viewed as a problem because the family structure is highly vulnerable to various factors that lead to youth delinquency. For instance, single parents are relatively reluctant when it comes to supervising their children and they may lack adequate time to create rapport with the child, lack finances, and poor lifestyles. This situation can lead to a stressful life, thus encouraging teens to gravitate towards substance use. Similarly, residing within poor neighborhood increases the chances of engaging in drug and alcohol use because most of these illicit drugs are readily available in such localities. Drug dealing supports livelihood for most youths who live in the ghettos. The social context within poor areas exacerbate ineffective parental activities, thus adolescents living in a poor setting and being brought up in a regi on where parental closeness is lacking develop the problem of substance use (Ruiz et al., 2007). School issues that impact youths at risk According to Stern and Morr (2013), a study conducted in 2009 suggests that 41.8% of high school teenager confessed to taking alcohol within 30 days prior to the survey. The study also indicates that the commonly abused substance is marijuana. Stern and Morr (2013) show that currently in the US, drug and alcohol abuse is the main cause of death for teens between ages 15-24. Despite having this knowledge at their disposal, teens continue to use drugs and alcohol. Therefore, why do high school students continue to use drugs and alcohol despite the inevitable dangers? Every aspect of the students’ lives influences their capacity to learn and prevail in school. However, various school-related circumstances place students at a risk of using drugs and alcohol. School-related factors include inappropriate discipline system, poor or inadequate coun seling, poor communication, failure to incorporate student-learning preferences, and mismatch between home and school culture (Clinton, Clark, Straub, 2010). These circumstances may lead to dropping out of school and teen pregnancy because in most cases students initiate drugs after they feel defeated by the aforementioned conditions. For a long time, the predictors of dropping out of school seem to be consistent. Potential dropouts share various aspects such as poor academic performance, they are more likely to be part of the low earning families, and they demonstrate psychological challenges. If the schools lack an effective discipline system, students will not feel the obligation to stay free from drug use. Instead, they will initiate it because nobody seems to be against it or it is a presumably cool habit. In addition, if school systems ignore student-learning styles, learners will feel the pressure from the teachers to conform to a system that they rarely understand, and thus end up using drugs to avoid study-related stress. Other teens believe that alcohol and drugs are best substitutes for educational success or self-actualization. School culture versus home culture is another key determinant of the students’ initiation into substance use. If the school culture is overly strict as opposed to the home culture, which might be somehow relaxed, the students finds it hard to adjust whenever in school (Nakhaee Jadidi, 2009). When the schools fail to initiate proper communication to create room for successful adjustment, students start using drugs and alcohol to boost their low self-esteem. Therefore, it is essential to involve parents when formulating policies that govern the students’ behavior while in school to ensure that there is no collision of values and principles. Early initiation of drugs and alcohol raises the risk of early onset of sexual activities among school teens. This aspect results in unwanted teen pregnancies, which compel young girls to drop out of school, in most cases. If schools formulate good policies that consider the students’ needs, then it can prove possible for schools to be free of students who use drugs and alcohol (Stern Morr, 2013). Prevention, intervention, and treatment Considering that substance use is avoidable, it is intriguing that it persists and plays a significant role as a key cause of death among youth every year in the United States. The prevention of the initiation of drugs and alcohol is a key way to avoid drug dependency. As shown by Stanis and Andersen (2014), the initiation of substance use can be cut by 1.5 million adolescents if effective prevention measures are adopted. The main role of these developmental-based prevention programs should focus at either inhibiting the use or postponing the age of initiation. This research emphasizes that childhood, psychological deregulations initiated by stress, irritability, and other cognitive dysfunctions may result in su bstance use among teenagers. These findings offer significant implications when formulating a model of prevention and intervention to be used during early development and adolescence. Considering that the United States has staged various campaigns towards eradicating substance use among adolescents and the behavior persists, it has become necessary to start by targeting children who demonstrate symptoms of psychological dysfunction. The detection and treatment of early indicators of stress and other related substance-initiating factors should be done early enough by the parent, caregiver, or child psychiatrist to limit the chances of the child from indulging in substance use. In addition, the education programs for both adolescents and their parents should be facilitated to increase awareness about the consequences of substance use and abuse for the adolescent and the entire society (Ruiz et al., 2007). From a social perspective, engaging in social activities such as sports competit ions, religious duties, and volunteer programs reduces the possibilities of a teenage from engaging in drug and alcohol abuse. On the other hand, adolescents who avoid these activities are more likely to indulge in substance use. However, since adolescents comprise individuals at a high risk of substance use, the appropriate programs should be targeted to initiate the much-needed change. Indicated prevention approaches target teenagers, who demonstrate signs of behavioral challenges or exposed to substance use disorders due to biological aspects. For instance, in Massachusetts, treatment is done through the Screening, Brief Intervention, Referral, and Treatment model (Stanis Andersen, 2014). Treating adolescents suffering from substance use disorders results in a huge toll on the United States’ financial, medical, and labor resources. Adolescent psychiatrists often face cases of substance abuse in the course of duty. The medical assessment may include a laboratory examinatio n of urine or blood screening. The extent of the teenagers’ substance abuse gives the direction in which the treatment should follow. For example, a teenager who drinks daily will need detoxification whilst undergoing rehabilitation. This aspect means that if the situation is severe, the treatment should first emphasize on alleviating or substantially minimizing the substance consumption. If the psychiatrist establishes that the substance use is propelled by other disorders and that dealing with the initial causes may result in the reduction of substance use, the planned treatment model may not consider the substance dependency issue. As the treatment goes on, the psychiatrist should be ready to deal with the possibility that s/he might have judged the condition incorrectly. Conclusion Adolescents remain the most vulnerable group upon which substance use is initiated and addiction thrives with continued use. Since substance abuse has been shown to be avoidable, it is unthinka ble to incur the huge costs to treat the disorders associated with the practice when there is an opportunity to tame the situation before it develops. Given that the family has been identified as the integral part in the teens’ development, it is necessary to involve parents in the campaign to eradicate substance use among adolescents. In a bid to prevent harmful student characteristics related to substance use, strict school policies that address basic principles, values, and perceptions may be useful in drug prevention. References Barnett, N., Miles, R., Loxley, M., Linkletter, M., Clark, C., Melissa, A. (2014). Peer associations for substance use and exercise in a college student social network. Health Psychology, 33(10), 1134-1142. Clinton, E., Clark, C., Straub, J. (2010). The quick-reference guide to counseling teenagers. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books. Dennis, L., White, M., Ives, M. (2009). Individual characteristics and needs associated with substance misuse of ado lescents and young adults in addiction treatment. In C. Leukefeld, T. Gullotta M. Tindall (Eds.), Handbook on Adolescent Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment: Evidence-Based Practice (pp.45-72). New London: Child and Family Agency Press. Dunn, M. (2014). Association between physical activity and Substance use behaviors among high school students participating in the 2009 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Psychological Reports, 114(3), 675-685. Kong, G., Singh, N., Camenga, D., Cavallo, D., Krishnan-Sarin, S. (2013). Menthol Cigarette and Marijuana Use among Adolescents. Nicotine Tobacco Research, 15(12), 2094-2099. Kuehn, B. (2007). Many Teens Abusing Medications. Journal of the American Medical Association, 21(28), 16-17. Nakhaee, N., Jadidi, N. (2009). Why Do Some Teens Turn to Drugs? A Focus Group Study of Drug Users Experiences. Journal of Addictions Nursing, 20, 203–208. Pape, Y. (2012). People’s overestimation of peer substance use: an exaggerated phenomenon? A ddiction, 107, 885-891. Ruiz, P., Strain, C., Langrod, J. (2007). The substance abuse handbook. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Schmidt, U., Lee, S., Beecham, J. (2007). A randomized controlled trial of family therapy and cognitive behavior therapy guided self-care for adolescents with bulimia nervosa and related disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 591-598. Stanis, J., Andersen, S. L. (2014). Reducing substance use during adolescence: a translational framework for prevention. Psychopharmacology, 231, 1437–1453. Stern, S., Morr, L. (2013). Portrayals of Teen Smoking, Drinking, and Drug Use in Recent Popular Movies. Journal of Health Communication, 18, 179–191.

Chinese Translations of Common English Names

Chinese Translations of Common English Names Learn your Chinese name with this list of English names and their Chinese translation. They are ordered alphabetically, by gender, and  translated based on the English pronunciation of the names. The Chinese names are written in simplified characters, which are used in Mainland China. How the Names Are Translated It is common for Chinese people to translate their native names into English by pronunciation. An English translation is created by using the similar sounds of the Chinese characters. English names can also be translated to Chinese the same way. However, characters in Chinese are often chosen based off of meaning, not just pronunciation, as some characters put together form negative combinations. Gender also introduces  a variety of characters that includes a description of the name, like Marilyn Monroe (玛ä ¸ ½Ã¨Å½ ²Ã‚ ·Ã¦ ¢ ¦Ã©Å" ²) versus Jim Monroe (Ã¥ â€°Ã¥ §â€ Ã‚ ·Ã©â€" ¨Ã§ ½â€"). Here, the latter can be described as more masculine, and the former can be considered more feminine, giving emphasis to their differences in nature. Female Chinese Names A-EAbie  Ã©Ëœ ¿Ã§ ¢ §Adriana  Ã©Ëœ ¿Ã¥ ¾ ·Ã©â€¡Å'ä ºÅ¡Ã¥ ¨Å"Alanis  Ã©Ëœ ¿Ã¦â€¹â€°Ã¥ ° ¼Ã¦â€" ¯Alexandra  Ã¤ ºÅ¡Ã¥Å½â€ Ã¥ ± ±Ã¥ ¾ ·Ã¦â€¹â€°Alice  Ã§Ë† ±Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¤ ¸ Alicia  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¨ ¥ ¿Ã¤ ºÅ¡Alison  Ã©Ëœ ¿Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¦ £ ®Alyssa  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¨Å½Å½Amanda  Ã©Ëœ ¿Ã¦â€º ¼Ã¨ ¾ ¾Amelia  Ã©Ëœ ¿Ã¦ ¢â€¦Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¥ ¨â€¦Amy  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã§ ¾Å½Anastasia  Ã©Ëœ ¿Ã¥ ¨Å"ä ¸ Ã¥ ¡â€Ã¨ ¥ ¿Ã¤ ºÅ¡Andrea  Ã¥ ®â€°Ã¥ ¾ ·Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¥ ¨â€¦Angelina  Ã¥ ®â€°Ã¥ â€°Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¥ ¨Å"Angie  Ã¥ ®â€°Ã¥ â€°Ann  Ã¥ ®â€°Anna  Ã¥ ®â€°Ã¥ ¨Å"Anne  Ã¥ ®â€°Annette  Ã¥ ®â€°Ã¥ ¦ ®Ã§â€° ¹Annie  Ã¥ ®â€°Ã¥ ¦ ®April  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã¦â„¢ ®Ã¥ °â€Ariana  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¥ ®â€°Ã¥ ¨Å"Ashley  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã¤ »â‚¬Ã¨Å½â€°Audrey  Ã¥ ¥ ¥Ã© »â€ºÃ¤ ¸ ½Barbara  Ã§ ¬â€ Ã§ ¬â€ Ã¦â€¹â€°Becky  Ã¨ ´ Ã¥Å¸ ºBetsy  Ã¨ ´ Ã§  ªBetty  Ã¨ ´ Ã¨â€™â€šBeyonce  Ã§ ¢ §Ã¦Ëœâ€šÃ¦â€" ¯Bianca  Ã§ ¢ §Ã¦Ëœâ€šÃ¥  ¡Brenda  Ã¥ ¸Æ'å… °Ã¨ ¾ ¾Bridget  Ã¥ ¸Æ'é‡Å'Ã¥ â€°Ã§â€° ¹Brittany  Ã¥ ¸Æ'é‡Å'Ã¥ ¡â€Ã¥ ° ¼Broo ke  Ã¥ ¸Æ'é ² Ã¥â€¦â€¹Caitlin  Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã§â€° ¹Ã§  ³Cameron  Ã¥  ¡Ã¦ ¢â€¦Ã©Å¡â€ Candace  Ã¥ Å½Ã¨ ¿ ªÃ¦â€" ¯Carmen  Ã¥  ¡Ã©â€" ¨Carol  Ã¥  ¡Ã§ ½â€"Ã¥ °â€Carrie  Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã¨Å½â€°Cassandra  Ã¥  ¡Ã¦ ¡â€˜Ã¥ ¾ ·Ã¦â€¹â€°Catherine  Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã§â€˜Å¸Ã§  ³Cathy  Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã¨ ¥ ¿Cecile  Ã¨ µâ€ºÃ¨Å'Å"å„ ¿Celeste  Ã¨ ¥ ¿Ã¨Å½ ±Ã¦â€" ¯Ã§â€° ¹Charlotte  Ã¥ ¤ Ã§ » ¿Ã¨â€™â€šChelsea  Ã¥Ë†â€¡Ã¥ °â€Ã¨ ¥ ¿Cheryl  Ã¨ ° ¢Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¥ °â€Christina  Ã¥â€¦â€¹Ã©â€¡Å'æâ€" ¯Ã¨â€™â€šÃ¥ ¨Å"Christine  Ã¥â€¦â€¹Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¦â€" ¯Ã¥ © ·Christy  Ã¥â€¦â€¹Ã©â€¡Å'æâ€" ¯Ã¨â€™â€šCindy  Ã¨ ¾â€ºÃ¨ ¿ ªClaire  Ã¥â€¦â€¹Ã¨Å½ ±Ã¥ °â€Clara  Ã¥â€¦â€¹Ã¨Å½ ±Ã¦â€¹â€°Claudia  Ã¥â€¦â€¹Ã¥Å  ³Ã¨ ¿ ªÃ¥ ¨â€¦Constance  Ã¥ º ·Ã¦â€" ¯Ã¥  ¦Ã¦â€" ¯Courtney  Ã¨â‚¬Æ'ç‰ ¹Ã¥ ° ¼Cynthia  Ã¨ ¾â€ºÃ¨ ¥ ¿Ã¥ ¨â€¦Daisy  Ã¦Ë† ´Ã¨ ¥ ¿Dalila  Ã¨ ¾ ¾Ã¥Ë† ©Ã¦â€¹â€°Dana  Ã¤ ¸ ¹Ã¥ ¨Å"Daniela  Ã¤ ¸ ¹Ã¦ ¶â€¦Ã¦â€¹â€°Danielle  Ã¤ ¸ ¹Ã¥ ¦ ®Ã¥ °â€Daphne  Ã¨ ¾ ¾Ã¨Å â„¢Ã¥ ¦ ®Deborah  Ã© »â€ºÃ¥ Å¡Ã¦â€¹â €°Denise  Ã¤ ¸ ¹Ã¥ ¦ ®Ã¤ ¸ Destiny  Ã© »â€ºÃ¤ ¸ Ã¨â€™â€šÃ¥ ¦ ®Diana  Ã© »â€ºÃ¥ ®â€°Ã¥ ¨Å"Diane  Ã© »â€ºÃ¥ ®â€°Dina  Ã¨ ¿ ªÃ¥ ¨Å"Donna  Ã¥â€ Ã¥ ¨Å"Doreen  Ã¥ ¤Å¡Ã§  ³Dorian  Ã¥ ¤Å¡Ã©â€¡Å'Ã¥ ®â€°Edna  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã¥ ¾ ·Ã¥ ¨Å"Eileen  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã§  ³Elena  Ã¤ ¼Å Ã¨Å½ ²Ã¥ ¨Å"Elisa  Ã§Ë† ±Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¨Å½Å½Elisabeth  Ã¤ ¼Å Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¨Å½Å½Ã§â„¢ ½Elise  Ã§Ë† ±Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¤ ¸ Elizabeth  Ã¤ ¼Å Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¨Å½Å½Ã§â„¢ ½Ella  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã¦â€¹â€°Elle  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã¨Å½â€°Ellen  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã¤ ¼ ¦Eloise  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã¨  Ã¤ ¾ Elora  Ã¤ ¼Å Ã¥Å  ³Ã¦â€¹â€°Elsa  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã¥ °â€Ã¨Å½Å½Elyse  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¤ ¸ Emily  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã§ ± ³Ã¨Å½â€°Emma  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã§Å½â€ºErica  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¥  ¡Erika  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¥  ¡Eve  Ã¤ ¼Å Ã¥ ¤ «Eveline  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã§ » ´Ã§  ³Evelyn  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã¨Å â„¢Ã§  ³F-JFelicia  Ã¨  ²Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¨ ¥ ¿Ã¤ ºÅ¡Justine  Ã¨ ´ ¾Ã¦â€" ¯Ã¦ ±â‚¬Julie  Ã¦Å" ±Ã¤ ¸ ½Julia  Ã¦Å" ±Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¥ ¨â€¦Judy  Ã¦Å" ±Ã¨â€™â€šJudith  Ã¦Å" ±Ã¨ ¿ ªÃ¦â‚¬  Joyce  Ã¤ ¹â€Ã¨â€° ¾Ã¦â€" ¯Joy  Ã¤ ¹â€Ã¤ ¼Å Johanna  Ã§ º ¦Ã§ ¿ °Ã¥ ¨Å"Jodie  Ã¦Å" ±Ã¨ ¿ ªJoanne  Ã¤ ¹â€Ã¥ ®â€°Joanna  Ã¤ ¹â€Ã¥ ®â€°Ã¥ ¨Å"Joan  Ã§  ¼Jinny  Ã¥ â€°Ã¥ ¦ ®Jessica  Ã¦  °Ã¨ ¥ ¿Ã¥  ¡Jenny  Ã§  Ã¥ ¦ ®Jennifer  Ã§  Ã¥ ° ¼Ã¥ ¼â€"Jenna  Ã§  Ã¥ ¨Å"Jeannine  Ã¦  °Ã¥ ® Jeanine  Ã¦  °Ã¥ ® Jeanette  Ã§  Ã¥ ¦ ®Ã§â€° ¹Janice  Ã¨ © ¹Ã¥ ¦ ®Ã¤ ¸ Jane  Ã§ ®â‚¬Jamie  Ã¦  °Ã§ ± ³Jade  Ã¨ ´ ¾Ã¥ ¾ ·Jacquie  Ã¨ ´ ¾Ã¥ ¥â€¡Jacklyn  Ã¦  °Ã¥ ¥Å½Ã§  ³Jackie  Ã¦  °Ã¥ § ¬Isabella  Ã¤ ¼Å Ã¨  ¨Ã¨ ´ Ã¦â€¹â€°Isabell  Ã¤ ¼Å Ã¨  ¨Ã¨ ´ Irma  Ã¤ ¼Å Ã¥ °â€Ã§Å½â€ºIrina  Ã¤ ¼Å Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¥ ¨Å"Irene  Ã¤ ¼Å Ã§  ³Ã¥ ¨Å"Ingrid  Ã¨â€¹ ±Ã¦   ¼Ã¤ ¸ ½Ilona  Ã¤ ¼Å Ã§ ½â€"Ã¥ ¨Å"Ilana  Ã¤ ¾ Ã¦â€¹â€°Ã¥ ¨Å"Iana  Ã¥ ¨â€¦Ã¥ ¨Å"Holly  Ã¨  ·Ã¨Å½â€°Helen  Ã¦ µ ·Ã¤ ¼ ¦Heidy  Ã¦ µ ·Ã¨â€™â€šHeidi  Ã¦ µ ·Ã¨â€™â€šHeather  Ã¥ ¸Å'ç‘ŸHayley  Ã¦ µ ·Ã¨Å½â€°Hannah  Ã¦ ±â€°Ã¥ ¨Å"Gwendolyn  Ã¦ ² ½Ã©â€º ¯Ã©Æ' ½Ã§  ³Grace  Ã¦   ¼ è• ¾Ã¤ ¸ Gisele  Ã¥ â€°Ã¨ µâ€ºÃ¥ °â€Ginger  Ã©â€¡â€˜Ã¨â€â€"Ã¥ °â€Gina  Ã¥ â€°Ã¥ ¨Å"Georgina  Ã¤ ¹â€Ã¥ § ¬Ã¥ ¨Å"Georgia  Ã¤ ¹â€Ã¦ ² »Ã¤ ºÅ¡Frankie  Ã¥ ¼â€"å… °Ã¥â€¦â€¹Fiona  Ã¨  ²Ã¥ ¥ ¥Ã¥ ¨Å"Filipa  Ã¨  ²Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¥ ¸â€¢K-OKaitlin  Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã§â€° ¹Ã§  ³Kara  Ã¥  ¡Ã¦â€¹â€°Karen  Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã§  ³Karianne  Ã¥  ¡Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¥ ®â€°Karina  Ã¥  ¡Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¥ ¨Å"Kassandra  Ã¥  ¡Ã¦ ¡â€˜Ã¥ ¾ ·Ã¦â€¹â€°Katalina  Ã¥  ¡Ã¥ ¡â€Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¥ ¨Å"Kate  Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã§â€° ¹Katherine  Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã§â€˜Å¸Ã§  ³Kathleen  Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã§â€˜Å¸Ã§  ³Katie  Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã¨â€™â€šKatrina  Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã§â€° ¹Ã§  ³Ã¥ ¨Å"Katy  Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã¨â€™â€šKayla  Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã¦â€¹â€°Keira  Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã¦â€¹â€°Kelly  Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã¨Å½â€°Kelsey  Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã¥ °â€Ã¥ ¡Å¾Kerry-Anne  Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¥ ®â€°Kimberley  Ã©â€¡â€˜Ã¤ ¼ ¯Ã¥Ë† ©Kira  Ã§  ¦Ã¦â€¹â€°Kristie  Ã¥â€¦â€¹Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¦â€" ¯Ã¨â€™â€šKristina  Ã¥â€¦â€¹Ã©â€¡Å'æâ€" ¯Ã¨â€™â€šÃ¥ ¨Å"Kristine  Ã¥â€¦â€¹Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¦â€" ¯Ã¦ ±â‚¬Kristy  Ã¥â€¦â€¹Ã©â€¡Å'æâ€" ¯Ã¨â€™â€šL aura  Ã¥Å  ³Ã¦â€¹â€°Laurene  Ã¥Å  ³Ã¤ ¼ ¦Laurie  Ã¨  Ã¨Å½â€°Layla  Ã¨â€¢ ¾Ã¦â€¹â€°Lena  Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¥ ¨Å"Leona  Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¥ ®â€°Ã¥ ¨Å"Leslie  Ã¨Å½ ±Ã¤ ¸ Ã¨Å½â€°Libby  Ã¨Å½â€°Ã§ ¢ §Lila  Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¦â€¹â€°Liliane  Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¥ ®â€°Lilly  Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¨Å½â€°Lily-Rose  Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¨Å½â€°Ã§ ½â€"æâ€" ¯Lina  Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¥ ¨Å"Linda  Ã§  ³Ã¨ ¾ ¾Lindsay  Ã¦Å¾â€"è µâ€ºLisa  Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¨Å½Å½Lise  Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¤ ¸ Lola  Ã§ ½â€"拉Lorene  Ã¥Å  ³Ã¤ ¼ ¦Lorette  Ã§ ½â€"ç‘žå ¾ ·Lorianne  Ã¥Å  ³Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¥ ®â€°Louise  Ã¨ · ¯Ã¦Ëœâ€œÃ¤ ¸ Loyce  Ã§ ½â€"ä ¼Å Ã¤ ¸ Lucia  Ã©Å" ²Ã¨Å'Å"Ã¥ ¨â€¦Lucy  Ã©Å" ²Ã¨ ¥ ¿Luna  Ã§â€™ Ã¥ ¨Å"Lydia  Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¨â€™â€šÃ¥ ¨â€¦Lyla  Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¦â€¹â€°Lynda  Ã§  ³Ã¨ ¾ ¾Lynette  Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¥ ¥Ë†Ã§â€° ¹Lynn  Ã§  ³Lynne  Ã§  ³Lysa  Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¨Å½Å½Madeleine  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ¥ ¾ ·Ã§  ³ Madeline  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ¥ ¾ ·Ã§  ³Madison  Ã© º ¦Ã¨ ¿ ªÃ©â‚¬Å Magdalena  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ¦   ¼Ã¨ ¾ ¾Ã©â€º ·Ã¥ ¨Å"Maggy  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ¥ â€°Malorie  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ§ ½â€"ä ¸ ½Mandy  Ã¦â€º ¼Ã¨â€™â€šMani  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ¥ ¦ ®Margaret  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ¦   ¼Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã§â€° ¹Margareth  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ¦   ¼Ã¨â€¢ ¾Ã¦â€" ¯Maria  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ¤ ¸ ½Ã¤ ºÅ¡Marianna  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ¤ ¸ ½Ã¥ ®â€°Ã¥ ¨Å"Marina  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ¤ ¸ ½Ã¥ ¨Å"Marisa  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ¤ ¸ ½Ã¨Å½Å½Marlene  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ§  ³Martha  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ¨Å½Å½Mary  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ¤ ¸ ½Mary-Lou  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ¤ ¸ ½Ã‚ ·Ã§â€™ Maryanne  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ¤ ¸ ½Ã¥ ®â€°Marylise  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ¤ ¸ ½Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¤ ¸ Maryse  Ã© © ¬Ã§â€˜Å¾Ã¨ µâ€ºMathis  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ¥ ¸Å'æâ€" ¯Maud  Ã¨Å'‰å ¾ ·Maureen  Ã§ ©â€ Ã§  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