Essay on Four Principles of Interpersonal Communication

Introduction A critical review of what has been noted about the four principles of interpersonal communication demonstrates that King (2000) has provided the definitive source for reviewing these issues. According to King, interpersonal communication is: inescapable, irreversible, complicated and contextual. Using these four principles as a basis for research, the current investigation provides a review of each of the four principles and the implication of each of these principles for the nursing professional. A situation is described in which the four principles of interpersonal communication are examined along with a review of how these principles can strengthen and enhance communication in the nursing environment. The Four Principles†¦show more content†¦Regardless of the nurses specific assignment, interpersonal communication is unavoidable. Interpersonal Communication is Irreversible Considering next the development of interpersonal communication as irreversible, Charlton, Dearing, Berry and Johnson (2008) provide a clear example of this issue in the context of nursing practice. As reported by these authors, research has consistently demonstrated that the interpersonal communication which takes place between patient and nurse can influence the health outcomes of the patient. If the communication is positive and supportive, the patient may be more likely to engage in health practices which benefit health. Thus, the interpersonal communication used by the nurse can and will have an irreversible impact on the health of the patient. Recognition of this issue is critical to protecting and improving the health outcomes of patients. The data provided by Charlton, et al., (2008) clearly demonstrates that impact of interpersonal communication in nursing. Once an issue, belief or value has been verbalized and heard, it cannot be removed. While this is not to say that improvements in interpersonal communication cannot occur, once communication has been established reversing statements and the feelings which result from these statements can be a notable challenge. ForShow MoreRelatedInterpersonal Communication972 Words   |  4 PagesFour Principles of Interpersonal Communication These principles underlie the workings in real life of interpersonal communication. They are basic to communication. We cant ignore them Interpersonal communication is inescapable We cant not communicate. The very attempt not to communicate communicates something. Through not only words, but through tone of voice and through gesture, posture, facial expression, etc., we constantly communicate to those around us. Through these channels, we constantlyRead MoreCommunication Is Intentional Or Unintentional? 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In order to achieve this, I needed to speak at an appropriate volume, so not to shout at the audience, conveying an aggressive form of communication but also not to be coy so that I could not be heard. In conjunction with volume, the pitch and pace at which I communicated was alsoRead MoreCase Study : Applied Leadership Theory Essay909 Words   |  4 PagesCHAPTER FOUR Applied Leadership Theory Introduction Chapter four will define the plan of action to interview Chad Brake, the first shift Senior Supervisor for the Equipment/Component Preparation departments at Pfizer Corporation in McPherson, Kansas. The interview will be designed to pinpoint three key objectives based on the three leadership principles brought together in chapter two and chapter three. The purpose of the interview is to obtain responses from Chad Brake that will validate theRead MoreNursing Paper on Peplaus Theory of Interpersonal Relations1734 Words   |  7 PagesPeplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations Jennifer Holzer Chamberlain College of Nursing Nursing 501 Theoretical Basis for Advanced Nursing Practice Spring 2014 Nursing theory is important because it is the foundation and structure for the profession of nursing. There are many different types of theories and they all serve a specific purpose. Theories are important and valuable because they allow the nurse to understand and comprehendRead MoreThe Importance of Interpersonal Communication1186 Words   |  5 Pages------------------------------------------------- The Impact of Interpersonal Communication for Startup Business in TANRI ABENG UNIVERSITY ------------------------------------------------- English for Academic Purpose Naimy Zam Zam / Corporate Communication / 13.013 Abstract This research proposal contains the analysis about interpersonal communication in startup business The Impact of Interpersonal Communication in Startup Businesses Introduction These days, there are so many startupRead MoreDo Actions Speak Louder than Words? Preschool Children’s Use of the Verbal-Nonverbal Consistency Principle during Inconsistent Communications1452 Words   |  6 Pageslouder than words† principle also known as the â€Å"verbal nonverbal consistency† principle to process information where verbal cues contradict nonverbal ques. Three through five year olds were shown a video where an actor drank a beverage and made a verbal statement (ex. I like it) that was inconsistent with her emotional expression (ex. frowning). The children were then asked whether or not the actor liked or disliked the beverage. If children used the verbal nonverbal consistency principle, they shouldRead MoreThe Theory Of Nursing Theory1463 Words   |  6 Pagesnursing practice, spawn additional knowledge and influence the course of nursing’s future. They furnish information pertaining to: definitions of nursing, nursing practice, princip les that form the foundation for practice, and goals and functions of nursing care (Cardinal Stritch University, 2014). Not only do these principles focus on the issues nurses face daily, they are also multifaceted involving abundant concrete and imperceptible elements (Sitzman Wright-Elschberger, 2015). Nursing

Managing Air Quality And Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(163) " developed state vision and at the same clip stay its environment sustainability, Malaysia must continuously better air quality direction which has begun in 2002\." API or Air Pollutant Index is the indexs used to specify air quality. Malaysia used API system which follows Pollutant Standard Index ( PSI ) which developed by United States Environmental Protection Agency or US-EPA. Air quality issues are really planetary issue today. We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Air Quality And Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The haze phenomena which happened in the twelvemonth 1983, 1984, 1991, 1994 and 1997 has opened our eyes and increased consciousness that air quality issues must be treated earnestly and an effectual plan must be developed in order to supervise, prevent and control air quality. Furthermore, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ( SARS ) late detected in April 2004 besides has addition consciousness on how of import clean and healthy air we needs. Malaya has growing for major transmutation from agricultural to fabricating based state since decennaries ago. Realized on this, the authorities of Malaysia has enacted The Environmental Quality Act ( EQA ) in 1974. By the twelvemonth 1977, authorities has enacted Motor Vehicle ( Control of Smoke and Gas Emissions ) to command black fume which emitted from Diesel vehicles ( Heng 2002 ) . In Malaysia, Department of Environment ( DOE ) is responsible to supervise state air quality via 51 Stationss which located in strategic topographic points either in residential and industrial countries. The increasing Numberss of industrial activities and increasing vehicles contributed significantly to air pollution. Harmonizing to DOE, motor vehicles contributed 82 % to air pollution in Malaysia. How about the vehicles statistics? Statistic by Road Transport section of Malaysia ( until March 2010 ) shows registered autos in Malaysia is 8, 506 080 units, bike with 8,940230 units and public conveyance with 162309 units. This immense Numberss of motor vehicles contribute significantly to air pollution. Therefore, risky impact of air pollution must be monitored, control and prevented as it is about impossible to unclutter it to zero degree but we can work together to cut down the impact and pollution. 1.1 The Vision The vision of the program is to command on nomadic beginnings ( motor vehicles ) and stationary beginnings ( industrial production procedure ) in Malaysia. 1.2 Objective of Plan and Goals Achieving desired air quality degree of control for nomadic beginnings and installations which emits pollutants 1.3 Beginnings of Air Pollution in Malaysia Motor vehicles are the major subscribers to air pollution with 82 % and this is followed by stationary beginnings. The beginnings which categorized in stationary are including industrial installations such as chemical workss, steel Millss, oil refineries and power workss. Generally, stationary contribute emanations about 20 % – 25 % ( DOE cited in Yahya 2006 ) . Attempts are taken by Malayan authorities to advancing sustainable environment where Malaysia has been ranked 38 from 146 states worldwide in environment sustainability. 1.4 Developing control schemes The first measure to develop control schemes is finding precedence pollutants which are air pollutants. In Malaysia, industrial country and busy metropoliss such as Kuala Lumpur are largely affected with pollutants. Among identified countries are Shah Alam ( with 44 recorded unhealthy yearss per 350 yearss ) , Kuala Lumpur ( with 24 recorded unhealthy yearss ) and etc. The following measure is to look into side effects of the schemes selected. However, the development of control schemes must affect multi stakeholders working squad such as the authorities organic structures, private sectors, Non-Government organic structures ( NGO ) and the public engagement. 1.5 Control Schemes There are practical schemes in get the better ofing the issue which are: Air Quality Management scheme This scheme consists of developing and implementing air quality criterions which contains elements of: Optimum control scheme Abatement steps Cost-benefit or cost-effectiveness analyses Air quality appraisal Environmental harm appraisal and Abatement options of appraisal Emission control scheme Emission beginnings are determined by instance by instance footing. Fiscal inducement scheme By this scheme, inducements such as gross revenues revenue enhancement are given for those who are commanding air pollution. Cost benefit scheme This scheme determines rationally how much harm should accept from air pollution compared to be in cut downing the harm. 2.0 Engineering Control Concepts By and large, there are four technology constructs that can be applied to command emanation of air pollutants which is: Changing or modifying design of procedure Changing or modifying runing status of the procedure Change of natural stuffs and fuel Installing appropriate pollution remotion devices or system 3.0 Long Term Plan Using the right schemes for long term program are important as the job arising must be identified and analyzed foremost. As illustration, a instance happens of commanding industrial pollution at Sao Paolo, Brazil. They are concentrating at particulate affair emanations which produced by industries. In other manus, dust emanations caused by traffics or Mobiles really were the major jobs and had been overlooked. Therefore, side effects, root causes and beginnings must be identified to choose incorporate and suited attacks. 3.1: Emission Tax Fee For long term Air Quality direction program, Malaysia may larn and implement as what had been implemented in Taiwan. Taiwan has introduced and implementing emanation revenue enhancement fee in 1995 for defilers. The scenario is about same as Malaysia where stationary beginnings and nomadic beginning are the chief subscribers for pollution in Taiwan. Harmonizing to Chung-Hsing National University research, 50 % of SO2 emanation has been reduced since 1997 to the twelvemonth 2000. How did they make this? They used TEDS or Taiwan Emission Database as stock lists for this research. This research has shows consequences where pollutants are being connected closely with their emanation distributions. For Malayan, local universities may take portion and contribute to research that may take to high engineering invention in order to bring forth healthy air quality. There a tonss of universities that is capable in carry oning researches in Malaysia such as Universiti Sains Malaysia ( USM ) , Un iversiti Kebangsaan Malaysia ( UKM ) , Universiti Malaya ( UM ) and etc. These stairss in my sentiment are a good measure as the research can be continues for long term besides bring forthing high quality and Numberss of station alumnus pupils in Malaysia. 3.2: Government Engagement In order to accomplish developed state vision and at the same clip stay its environment sustainability, Malaysia must continuously better air quality direction which has begun in 2002. You read "Managing Air Quality And Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples" Two old ages subsequently in 2004, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment was formed which consists of 10 environment and natural resources bureaus. Happening of haze phenomena late in Muar, Johor on 19th October 2010 has opened our eyes how serious air quality and the impacts are to us. Schools were advised to shut temporarily by Deputy Prime Minister as countermeasures to forestall the state of affairs from acquiring worse. Therefore, countermeasures such as implementing rigorous Torahs should be done where compound should be implemented to those who are involved in industries which produce pollution, unfastened combustion, over limit emanations or fumes from nomadic and etc. 3.3: Rigorous Environment Quality Regulations Chart 1: Registered Vehicles in Malaysia ( by twelvemonth ) Mobile beginnings remain as the biggest subscribers of pollutants in term of C monoxide and N oxide emanations. Harmonizing to Road Transport Department, Numberss of vehicles and Mobiles in Malaysia were increasing every twelvemonth as is Chart 1. In 2004, Environment Quality Regulation ( Control of Emission from Motorcycles ) has been gazette. This nevertheless, need to be updated from clip to clip as our state are turning even though universe economic system clime is about to retrieve. Table 3.3 ( a ) as per below shows the statistics of increasing registered Numberss of vehicles in Malaya: Year / Types of Registered vehicles 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Cars 537900 458294 468512 537092 513954 Motorcycles 422255 448751 484598 543122 441545 Public vehicles 9981 9090 7692 9713 8209 Table 3.3 ( a ) : Registered Vehicles in Malaysia as recorded by Road Transport Department ( by Year ) Large Numberss of vehicles besides means big sum of emanation. Therefore, enforcement and reappraisal of air quality ordinance must be done often and accommodate the latest demand. Department of Environment ( DOE ) Malaysia must play major functions in implementing rigorous ordinances. DOE may patterns periodic audit to premises harmonizing to Environment Quality Act 1974. Besides that, other actions that suggested to be performed are fastening new application for licensing ( as subdivision 11 ) . 3.4: Public Engagement Public engagement may guarantee that community and other parties working together in the development procedure. Populaces may involved by describing any unfastened combustion or improper industries activities in their country to the governments bureaus. Malayan may larn from US citizens civilization where persons are responsible and develop their ain program which called State Implementation Plan or SIP which related to air quality issues. Harmonizing to the program, each province must hold ain SIP. Each province in US is required to hold SIP which contains schemes and control steps to get the better of pollution issues. 4.0 Mobile Source Control Strategy Proposed action on commanding nomadic beginnings is: Plan 4.1 New Vehicles Design Emission from Mobiles can be controlled by assorted methods. One of the methods is utilizing catalytic convertors. Catalytic convertor was a device introduced by a Gallic mechanical applied scientist whom is Eugene Houdry. The catalytic are functioned to diminish toxic emanations from internal burning engine. Nowadays, autos are equipped with this device which maps to cut down C monoxide, VOCs and NOx emanations. Vehicles are besides can plan to accommodate environment friendly and at the same clip utilizing less polluting fuels. Therefore, less emanation and pollutants are produced. Plan 4.2 Conduct Awareness plan and run Using media, public run, seminars and uninterrupted plan on may increase consciousness on emanations produced by Mobiles or stationary beginnings. Media plays large influences in our life daily particularly in presenting information. Educating people particularly at school and universities may implement from now on to ‘born ‘ the earlier consciousness. In guaranting the run works efficaciously, internet web can be selected as a medium to present messages such as ‘Green Technology ‘ run in TV3 channel. Plan 4.3 Amendment and presenting consecutive regulations and ordinances Government organic structures such as Road Transport Department ( JPJ ) could play of import map such as carry oning on a regular basis and scheduled vehicles review. Inspection and care is a best manner to guarantee emanations are controlled right and efficaciously. In United States, rider autos and trucks are required to run into rigorous pollution criterions before it can be sold to market. Malaysia besides can implement and better this method better particularly for vehicles which has been used for more than 5 old ages. In other words, rigorous pollution criterions are reviewed and implemented on a regular basis. Besides that, higher compound can be introduced to do certain the ordinances are effected efficaciously. Plan 4.4 Introducing and advancing Green Technology Mobiles in Malaya Presents, intercrossed engine and electric autos has been get downing to developed and marketed. Toyota, Honda, Mitsubishi and other elephantine automotive companies are viing with each other to bring forth environment friendly autos. In order to command Mobiles emanations in Malaysia, why non PROTON, PERODUA and MODENAS working together to develop loanblend and electric based engines which involved motorcycles, autos, trucks and MPV ‘s. This measure may guarantee that our hereafters are cleaner where less fumes and emanations are produced. Malaysia still used gasoline based and so far, no loanblend or to the full electric based engines can be found on the route. By taking action today, who knows, possibly all vehicles in the hereafter are 90 % utilizing electric and intercrossed engines. This issue has been raised by Deputy Prime Minister, Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin whom urged Malayan companies to put in developing green and clean engineering for future vehicles. Collaboration with local universities, sellers and makers could recognize this program as Malaysia had more than 690 maker of constituents and 110 of bikes makers. Plan 4.5 Applying technology control constructs Let ‘s take an illustration from India as something we could larn and adapted. In India, 70 % of air pollution is caused by motor vehicles, two shot engines as the major subscriber, use of old autos which is more than 20 old ages and uses of low quality fuel with high S contents ( in Diesel ) . Therefore, the countermeasures taken are bettering fuel quality ; strengthen care and review and decrease of benzine from 3 % to merely 1 % . The constructs of alteration of natural stuffs and fuels are efficaciously solved this issue. In Malaysia, we could see vehicles which are 5 old ages and sometime ages up to 10 old ages are still traveling on the route. This civilization is wholly different in Japan where they will alter to new autos after it achieve five old ages of use. Why non in Malaysia, we strengthen review and care policy for vehicles for every 5 old ages or less? This could guarantee that vehicles on the route are safe and lone bring forth little per centum of emanations. Plan 4.6 Bettering Fuel Quality Most underdeveloped states are working on cut downing contents of S and lead. By bettering fuel quality, it is indirectly presenting Compressed Natural Gas ( CNG ) which free of S and lead. PETRONAS nevertheless has done fuel quality betterment by being the first oil company in Malaysia whom offer ‘SL ‘ service categorization of American Petroleum Institute ( API ) . Now, PETRONAS is perchance the first in the universe which offer engine oil with new API ‘SM ‘ categorization. Therefore, support from authorities and uninterrupted researches are required to better fuels quality from clip to clip. Universities and private sectors should works together in this scheme as engineering can be portion and being improved from clip to clip. 5.0 Stationary Beginnings Control Strategy Power works, smelters, cement workss, refineries and other industrial procedures are categorized as stationary beginnings. The factors that must be considered to choose appropriate scheme are: Stationary beginning status Control of efficiency required and Pollutant collected Therefore, suggested program to command stationary beginnings in Malaysia are: Plan: 5.1 Interstates coordination and cooperation Natural gas are widely use in power generating sectors. Due to that, interstate plan can be introduced to command letter papers particularly in identified country with high possible pollution such as industries country and extremely development or building country. Harmonizing to Country Synthesis Report on Urban Air Quality Management ( 2006 ) , major industries which impacting air quality in Malaysia are: Iron and steel industry Oil and gas industry Petrochemical sectors Pulp and paper Power workss and Waste incineration sector Therefore, attempts are taken to cut down dependence on the use of natural gas since Eight Malaysia Plan and it is expected to cut down to 56 % in the twelvemonth 2010. Government should work hard on this continuously as we could non depend 100 % on natural gas and crude oil beginnings as the costs are acquiring higher for the exploring costs. Systematic informations and constitution of informations centre which portions information between provinces may roll up all information demands, analysis intent and looking for the countermeasures based on instance by instance. Plan: 5.2 Application of Nano-technology Nowadays, we can hear everybody speaking about Nano-technology development. What is meant by Nano-technology? Harmonizing to Merriam-Webster Dictionary ( 1987 ) , it is define as â€Å" an art of pull stringsing stuffs on an atomic or molecule particularly to develop microscopic devices † . Construction stuffs, merchandises such as skate board and etc and place applications merchandise can be produce by this method. As an illustration, air conditioner are developed utilizing this new engineering. For air conditioner, Nano Carbon, Nano Silver and NanoPhotocatalyst are some of the illustrations that have been marketed. Therefore, authorities may give support by cut downing revenue enhancement and monetary values to Malaysians in order to promote them to purchase these types of merchandises. Plan 5.3 Applying control engineerings Stationary beginnings can be control by using technology control concepts every bit mentioned above ( publish 2.0 ) such as use of low Sulfur fuels. As an illustration, TNB power Stationss in Jana Manjung as reported in TV3 is utilizing low Ss and low bitumen coal as its chief beginnings in bring forthing electric power and at the same clip cut down pollution. The works was equipped with waste H2O intervention to handle its wastewater before released into the sea. The works can be the best samples as it meet higher emanation criterions in ASEAN as it operates to particulate degrees of merely 50 mg/NmA? compared to expected ASEAN degree which is 400 mg/NmA? . Even though the cost is high, this application is seems benefit us and at the same clip control and cut down pollution. The other method is through fuel pricing where cleaner fuels should included in economic inducements. Due to this, cleaner fuels may gazette as control monetary value points in Malaysia. This has been announced on 10th June 2010 by Malayan Prime Minister, Dato ‘ Sri Mohd Najib Bin Tun Haji Abdul Razak on RMK 10 where he stressed that the monetary value of those points are guaranteed will non to increased dramatically. Plan 5.4 Adapting International Standard Organization ( ISO ) ISO is a widely known organisation which formed connexion between public sectors and authorities. In order to accomplish desired degree of control, implementing ISO criterions may one of effectual schemes as the criterions are compiled in inside informations. The illustrations of criterions which can be applied are: No. Standard Aims 1. ISO8573-1:2010 Specify pureness of tight air at peculiar point 2. ISO8573 Parts 2 to 9 To prove air tight system for specific contaminations 3. ISO8573-4:2001 Test method for solid atom content 4. ISO8573-6:2003 Test method for gaseous contamination content Modern installations which required by ISO already included effectual attacks which the ends are to accomplish stringent air quality degrees. Plan 5.5 Promoting cleaner productions This means, effectual and procedure were running with high efficiency to forestall or cut down pollution of air, H2O and air. By proper direction of production, stuffs, energy and cost can be salvage a batch. Besides that, presenting licence or particular license for extremely pollutant procedures can be done in productions. Plan 5.6 Industrial Zoning Planning Basically, industries country should turn up far from residential or sensitive countries. Resettlement of bing industries zone besides can be considered but that depends on economical factors. For sensitive country, monitoring can be done by turn uping proper instruments to supervise and command emanations. Resettlement of major beginning of pollution besides can be considered as had been done for cement works in Haiphong, Vietnam. The works has identified by Vietnam Environmental Management Strategy as major subscribers of suspended particulates. As solutions, the authorities of Vietnam has agreed to relocate the works as the best countermeasure. 6.0 Factors should considered during development of control schemes Consideration must be taken before developing and implementing control schemes efficaciously. The factors which must be review are: Economic factors Economic factors that must be considered are capital, runing cost, life clip of equipments and care. The chief inquiries here will be who will bear the cost? Ideally, the authorities must put for the installations and latest engineering must be updated particularly for high engineering equipments, the operating cost and care occupation to keep it. Therefore, those who are involve and caused pollution should pay or compounded or utilizing the ‘Polluter Pays Principles ‘ . This is besides a manner to bring forth and obtain support. This can be used for environmental intent, care of equipments such as monitoring devices, runing cost and as a fund for implementing schemes. This has been implemented in Taiwan where the financess are used for financing advanced thoughts and besides back uping research sing air quality issues. 6.0.2 Environmental factors Air quality conditions in Malaysia are monitored by Department of Environment ( DOE ) through 51 Stationss. In add-on, 21 different sites utilizing High Volume Sampler were established to mensurate entire suspended particulate, particulate affair PM10 and heavy metal. Therefore, possible industry country such as palm oil workss, steel industries, cements and etc must aimed as precedence country to be monitored. Presents, environment conditions are altering instantly. Why? Haze phenomena are something must be look at. It happens 1000s stat mis from Malaysia and all of a sudden we faced the effects here. In planing effectual control scheme, factor that must be considered includes: Legal demands Contribution of control system as pollutant Ambient air quality conditions Adequate public-service corporations such as H2O scrubbers Malayan Environment Quality Act 1974 is related to bar, sweetening to environment and control of pollution. As the clip maintain traveling on, these statute laws should be review as environment and pollution issues are being wider range now. One the issue is haze which has been faced by Malaysia late. Therefore, control scheme as rigorous statute laws is one of good method which can be applied in Malaysia. In most underdeveloped states, rigorous criterions are set and applied for new imported autos as a manner to cut down bing job of pollution in a metropolis. As DOE is the section whom supervising air quality conditions, they are responsible to turn up the monitoring devices. As to day of the month, strategic locations has been equipped with Continuous Air Quality Monitoring Station as per below image. Photograph 6.0.2a: Continuous Air Quality Monitoring Station ( DOE Photo Library ) Besides that, ambient air quality is monitored by 51 Stationss which located strategically. Therefore, these equipments must be maintained and new 1s should be considered if air quality in that new country ( such as industry or extremely polluted ) detected harmful to human wellness. Engineering factors Besides environment and economic factor, technology factors besides play of import functions. Engineering factors should be considered in developing schemes. Factors such as gas watercourse characteristic, public presentation features of control system used, contaminant characteristic i.e. toxicity must be identified and analyzed. Therefore, this may assist a batch in developing the right approaches or schemes. Besides that, it is of import to see all technology instruments available. This is because experience has shows that utilizing multiple is most effectual for peculiar air issue. As an illustration, an beforehand analysis of the effectual analysis of a scheme implemented has been done in Chennai, India. Assessment was conducted and sulfur dioxide emanation has emanating in populated country from thermic workss. By engaging adept advisers, scrubbers and mechanical dust aggregators has been chosen as the most effectual pick to work out this issue. As the consequences, sulfur dioxide emanations from thermic works have been reduced to 90 % . From this scenario, we can state that thorough analysis must be conducted before placing and accommodate the best scheme to be adapted. Today, tonss of modern and sophisticated equipments or devices available for the intent of commanding pollution. It can be used as tools for monitoring, commanding, destructing contaminations from exhaust watercourse and to take them before it is emitted to atmosphere. Some of the devices that can be usage are bag houses, particulate scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators and mechanical aggregator such as dust cyclone. Therefore, using new engineerings for both of pollution beginnings should be considered in developing control schemes. Decisions Multiple pick of schemes are seems the better manner in battling Mobile and stationary beginnings of pollution. The selected attacks may non accommodate all instance at one clip. It may depend on the root cause or emanations produced. Due to that, depending on merely one method of attacks or schemes is non a good pattern. The impact of side effects or pro and cons of a scheme being develop must be studied and good plan. Again, coaction with authorities organic structures, private sectors and local universities can be formed for these intents. This is due that to assorted establishments whether authorities or non authorities are responsible to pull off and keeping air quality in Malaysia. In short, cooperation is extremely required for preparation of effectual schemes. Public sectors may affect in assisting authorities implementing control schemes. Therefore, squad work is indispensable in developing and implementing selected schemes. In implementing a scheme whether in get the better ofing Mobile or stationary beginnings, the scheme itself should develop in cooperation with authorities, private sectors, and besides civil society. By this manner, it will advance sense of ownership particularly to guarantee the successful of 1 Malaysia non merely for development of our state, economic but including environment issues. However, those developed schemes must be monitored. This is due to of import of showing clearly the different phases or stages of execution. Therefore, the advancement can be tracked and the scheme can be improved. Media besides could play of import functions in scattering information and consciousness sing air quality plan. This is easier as cyberspace is one of the best options available. This scheme has been implemented in China as their authorization ‘s organic structures describing on pollutants in 42 metropoliss as an consciousness plan get downing from the twelvemonth of 1999. How to cite Managing Air Quality And Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Critical Evaluation Socio-Technical And Soft System

Question: Describe about the Critical Evaluation of Sociotechnical and SSM methodology as an analysis and design strategy for the Modern Information System? Answer: Introduction The system which is composed of both the people and the computers and also processes and interprets the information is known as the information systems. The information system is basically the academic study of both the software and the hardware which used to run the computerized databases. Now a day the development of the modern information systems is becomes one of the demanding tasks because of the design, implementation and the presentation of the new technologies. The basic realization of the modern information system with the availability of the implementation of the characteristics and the functionalities in some of the specific areas of the interest is depicted as the modern information system. Through the modern information system it introduces some of the new and the innovative functions which assist in capturing of the new tendencies of the development of the information system. In this assignment it is critically evaluated of both the Sociotechnical and the SSM methodology as the analysis and the designed strategy of the Modern Information system. In the critical evaluation it discussed about the considerable evaluation and the critique of the methods which are used for doing the proper doing and the analyzing of the information system. Analysis of Some of the Methods Which Are Used in Designing and analysing the Modern Information System There are some of the methods which are available for designing and analyzing of the modern information systems which are listed below: Data warehouse methodology Enterprise resource planning methodology Expert system methodology Enterprise system methodology Socio technical and SSM methodology Data warehouse methodology- data warehouse methodology is mainly used for doing the data analysis and also the reporting. It generally acts as central repositories for storing the integrated data which are collected from the numbers of the separate sources. The data which are stored in the warehouse is mainly uploaded from the various operational sources which include sales, marketing, operation etc. this methodology also consists of some of the different systems which are describes below (Hindle, 2007): Data mart- it is actually a simple form of the data warehouse which mainly focused on any of the single subjects. Data mart is mainly built and controlled by any of the particular department of the organization. The sources of the data of the data warehouse are external data, internal operational sources, central data warehouses etc. Online analytical processing- this processing is mainly characterized by some of the low value of the transactions. Queries which are used in the online analytical processing is often in very complex in nature. This type of the database mainly stores some of the historical and the aggregated data which are basically used in the multi-dimensional schemas (Golfarelli and Rizzi, 2011). Online transaction processing- in this processing it mainly characterized by some of the online transaction which are basically short in nature. This system mainly highlights on the very fast processing of the queries and also needs to maintain the data integrity in the multi dimensional environment. This processing database mainly contains the detailed and the current data. Some of the benefits of the data warehouse which provides some of the opportunities are given below (Wing Lam and Shankararaman, 2004): It helps to assemble some of the data from the multiple sources in to the single data base so that it becomes easy to search some important data by using the single query engine. It also helps to improve the quality of the data by offering some of the consistent codes and the description. It also helps in doing the restructure of the data so that it becomes very easy for using this data by the business users. The restructuring of the data also helps in delivering the excellent query. It also makes it easy to do the decision support queries which also very easy to write and also very easy to understand (Di, Lefons and Tangorra, 2015). Enterprise resource planning methodology- this is actually the software which are used in doing the business management. It is mainly used in collecting, storing and also managing the data from the various sources. The erp system is mainly consists of the different components which are transaction database, management portal, work flow management, document management etc. the whole erp system is mainly grouped in to the erp modules like as financial accounting, management accounting, human resource, order processing, supply chain management etc. the implementation of the erp system is mainly depends on the customization, business size, number of modules, the scope of changes etc. some of the benefits of the erp system are listed below: Erp helps to improve the efficiency and the quality of the businesses. It also can leads to some of the better out puts which may causes to some of the benefits of the company so that the business can run more smoothly. Erp also provides some of the increased opportunities for doing the collaboration. It also may take various forms of the enterprise into the account. In it a collaborative platform is available which helps the employees in doing the collaboration of the contents in some of the various formats of the distributed system (Tsai et al., 2012). With the development of the erp system it also increases the security of the data which also allows the organization to do the easier ensured of the companys data. The implementation of the erp system makes the organization more flexible and the less rigid structure so that it can operate the components more easily which enhance the business (Sitompul and Noah, 2006). Expert system methodology- In the context of the artificial intelligence, the expert system is basically the computer system which emulates the capability of the decision making. The expert system methodology is mainly based on the knowledge based system. The expert system methodology is mainly consists of the two sub systems which includes the inference engine and the knowledge base (Soja and Weistroffer, 2014). The inference engine is mainly the automated reasoning scheme in which it does the proper evaluation of the existing state, applies some of the relevant rules. It also includes some of the capabilities of the explanation. The inference engine primarily has the two modes which are forward chaining and the backward chaining. The knowledge base is mainly used in doing the proper representation of the various facts of the world. It also develops some of the commercial shells by utilizing the concepts of the object oriented programming. Through the expert system methodology it gi ves the advantages of the availability of the expert systems all the time. It also helps to make some of the rational decisions. The availability of the interface of the natural language it makes the expert system more users friendly. It also helps in reducing the dependencies, elimination of the errors and the inconsistencies of the data. It is basically one of the good platforms of doing the knowledge sharing. The basic goal of the expert system is to specify the materials of the subjects in such a way so that it becomes easy to understand and reviewed by the other experts. To do the basic design of the expert system it needs an individuals who does the complete study on the process how the human expert makes any of the decision and also do the translation some of the rules in to the basic terms which the computer can understand (Di Tria, Lefons and Tangorra, 2012). Enterprise system methodology- the large scale of the application software which basically support the business processes, reporting of the information flows etc in the complex nature of the organization. The whole enterprise system includes some of the different systems which are: enterprise resource planning system, enterprise planning system and the customer relationship management software. Some of the advantages which includes in the enterprise system methodology are given below (Markham and Webb, 2012): Advanced data entry- the integration of the all the system in the organization may results in the little or the no entry of the redundant data and the other processes throughout the whole processes. Flow of the information- the flow of the information includes the proper sharing of the information across all the departments of the organization which leads to the improved communication and also the better performance of the employees. Advanced customer satisfaction- the employees who have the crucial essence of the information, improves the workflows, which results in the on-time delivery of the goods. With this improved quality and the reduction of the delivery time helps in doing the development of the customer satisfaction (Das, Sarkar and Ray, 2012). Integration of the organizational system- The enterprise system directs to maximum development of the whole integrated system in the organization. It also helps in doing the streamlining of the workflows and the organizational processes and also resulting in the improved quality of the efficiency (Sensuse, Silalahi and Budi, 2014). Socio Technical and SSM methodology- Some of the methods are the approaches which are used in the doing the design by considering the social, human and the organizational factors and also includes the technical factors in doing the design of the organizational systems. These approaches are known as Socio-Technical Systems Design (STSD). This socio technical process takes both the social and the technical factors into the account which also influence both the functionality and the usage of the computer based systems. The basis for doing the adoption of the socio-technical approaches in the system design is the failure so that it can increase some of the risks which the system does not make in their expected goals and the requirements of the organization. The source of the socio technical problem is most the techno centric approaches to the system design consider the people, system which supports the processes and also some of the complex relationships of the organization (Simiski, 201 3). The socio technical approach is mainly focused on the group interactions work more than the individual basis performance. In the context of the high uncertainty, the basis of the socio technical approach underlines mainly on the redundancies of the functions. Some of the examples of this perspective include quality circles and the independent work groups etc. In the context of the organizational development, the phrase socio technical systems explains the approach of the complex work design which basically recognize the interaction between the technology and the peoples of the organization. This term also refers to the interface between the human behavior and the complex infrastructure (Atkinson, 2000). The SSM is the methodology which deals with the problems which generally involves the social, cultural and the psychological elements. The SSM methodology does not have the capability to do the differentiation between the hard and the soft problems. Through the SSM methodology it provides the different ways to deal with the perceived situations as problematic. This methodology distinguishes itself from the approaches of the hard systems so that it can deals with the system. The SSM methodology includes the seven stages approach which is used because of the availability of the step wise nature of the approach. The seven stages of the model are discussed below (Clegg, 2000): Stage 1 2- definition of the system- In the first step it needs to do the acknowledgment, exploration and the definition of the situation in the some other ways. In this stage it is actually needs to explore the problem. In this stage it does not required to define the problems and doing the assessment of the general areas which is basic of the interest. The basic activity of this association is increasing and the supporting of the methods. In this stage the data mainly is either the qualitative or the quantitative in nature and the methods which are used in collecting the data are the observations, surveys and the measurement (Sensuse, Silalahi and Budi, 2014). In the second stage the issues are needs to express in some other ways. Checkland needs to call it a rich picture due to the availability of the two reasons. Firstly, the situation needs to evaluate with the availability of all the richness. Checkland needs to provide some of the guidelines which include: processes, climate, structures, peoples, conflicts; issues articulated by the people etc. secondly, the checkland needs to suggest the best possible way which is used in doing this articulated work in the picture form (Daclin, Chen and Vallespir, 2014). Stage 3- root definition of the relevant systems- in this stage it needs to move out the real world in to the systems world. In this stage, the first step is the needed to understand the perception of the different viewpoint through which it is possible to draw some of the rich picture. Checkland used to call them holons which is the significant perspectives which can describe all the activities of the real world. This is the basic reason for the evaluative nature of the SSM. Each separate holons provides the detach value base through which it evaluate the whole situations (Miller, 2013). The foundation of the SSM is the trying of the address by concerning all the perspectives which is more complex in nature. The clarity of the work is gained by concentrating all the key perspectives in the separate basis and also the understanding of the implications by using all the understanding to integrate all the perspectives to get the evaluative conclusions and the suggestions for taking the future action. Checkland needs to develop to CATWOE which needs to help others. The initial point of this is the transformation. Once the transformation is identified it needs to proceed to do the identification of the other elements which acts as key in the system. In doing the proper construction of the CATWOE it is basically important to flow everything from the basis of the transformation. Some of the factors which influence the construction of the CATWOE include transformation, customers, actors, owners, environment etc (Koschmider, 2014). Stage 4- development of the model- using the root definition model it becomes easy to draw the conceptual model by using the systems gathering. It also has the required capabilities which helps in achieving a single purpose and the also to solve the particular problem for which the whole conceptual model is designed. It also needs to check the model whether it demonstrates the following properties: The ongoing purpose The means which is used for assessing the performance The whole process of decision taking The components which interacts Resources Continuity (Rallapalli, 2012) Stage5- comparing the models and the real world- in this stage it needs to do the comparison of the conceptual system models on the basis of what is needed to explain and also to achieve the particular purpose and also to solve any of the particular problem on the basis of the actually happening of the real world. The one of the most common mistake which occurs in this stage is the basic confusion in the reality of the model. So the basic purpose of this stage is needs to develop the insights which change the program and also by reducing the patch protection which was not the unambiguous aspects of the program (Minatti Ferreira et al., 2009). Stage 6- development of the desirable and the feasible interventions- in this stage of the whole methodology it tends to stop being chronological and also starts in alternation of the back and forth throughout all the seven stages of this methodology so that it becomes easy to gain some of the greatest things. On the context of the analysis the some of the possible intervention are explored. So by assessing all the feasibilities of the interventions which becomes the important features of this methodology and the checkland suggests some of the ways which are listed below: It runs in the models by using the different perspectives, different CATWOE and the different scales. It undertakes some of the different systems which are based on the analysis. It includes the social system analysis. It also includes the political analysis of the system. Stage 7- improvement of the situation- this is the last stage where the whole cycle gets completed and then it starts another new cycle where it is needed by considering all the basic availabilities and the errors (Rallapalli, 2012). By comparing with the ISD methodology, the SSM methodology is more difficult and less tangible in doing the use. This predictability limit of the opportunity is adopted in this methodology. The supporters of the SSM methodology often object by applying the some of the explicit, measurable evaluation of the criteria so that it becomes easy to assess the success of the SSM methodology. Checkland represents the views on the attempts of the evaluation of the success of the SSM methodology (Olson and Staley, 2012). Conclusion By concluding the whole above study it tells about the illustrative analysis of all the possible methods which are used for designing and also the analyzing o the modern information systems. It also provides the considerable evaluation and the critical analysis of the methods which are used for doing the proper analyzing and the designing of the information system. In the above it also tells about the whole critical analysis of both the socio-technical and the SSM methodology and also describes how it create the impacts in the context of the modern information system (Rodriguez-Ulloa and Paucar-Caceres, 2005). References Atkinson, C. (2000). Socio-Technical and Soft Approaches to Information Requirements Elicitation in the Post-Methodology Era. Requirements Engineering, 5(2), pp.67-73. Clegg, C. (2000). Sociotechnical principles for system design. Applied Ergonomics, 31(5), pp.463-477. Daclin, N., Chen, D. and Vallespir, B. (2014). Developing enterprise collaboration: a methodology to implement and improve interoperability. Enterprise Information Systems, pp.1-38. Das, M., Sarkar, B. and Ray, S. (2012). A framework to measure relative performance of Indian technical institutions using integrated fuzzy AHP and COPRAS methodology. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 46(3), pp.230-241. Di Tria, F., Lefons, E. and Tangorra, F. (2012). Hybrid methodology for data warehouse conceptual design by UML schemas. Information and Software Technology, 54(4), pp.360-379. Di, T., Lefons, E. and Tangorra, F. (2015). Academic data warehouse design using a hybrid methodology. COMPUT SCI INFORM SY, 12(1), pp.135-160. Di, T., Lefons, E. and Tangorra, F. (2015). Academic data warehouse design using a hybrid methodology. COMPUT SCI INFORM SY, 12(1), pp.135-160. Golfarelli, M. and Rizzi, S. (2011). Data warehouse testing: A prototype-based methodology. Information and Software Technology, 53(11), pp.1183-1198. Hindle, G. (2007). Developing a systemic textual analysis methodology based on the human activity system modelling language of soft systems methodology (SSM). Syst. Res., 24(6), pp.599-612. Koschmider, A. (2014). Developing sociotechnical systems with special focus on quality. it - Information Technology, 56(5). Markham, S. and Webb, J. (2012). User Adoption of Enterprise Resource Planning Systems. ITNOW, 54(1), pp.40-40. Miller, K. (2013). A Secret Sociotechnical System. IT Prof., 15(4), pp.57-59. Minatti Ferreira, D., Rosa da Silva, A., Cristina Santos Rebello, T. and dos Santos, N. (2009). SOFT SYSTEMS METHODOLOGY (SSM) NO CONTEXTO DA EDUCAO TECNOLGICA: CONTRIBUIES AOS PROCESSOS DE GESTO DO CONHECIMENTO (GC). Revista Gesto Industrial, 5(3 s.1). Olson, D. and Staley, J. (2012). Case study of open-source enterprise resource planning implementation in a small business. Enterprise Information Systems, 6(1), pp.79-94. Rallapalli, M. (2012). Privacy Negotiation in Socio-Technical Systems. Technology and Investment, 03(01), pp.13-17. Rallapalli, M. (2012). Privacy Policies Considerations in Socio-Technical Systems. Technology and Investment, 03(02), pp.63-67. Rodriguez-Ulloa, R. and Paucar-Caceres, A. (2005). Soft System Dynamics Methodology (SSDM): Combining Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) and System Dynamics (SD). Syst Pract Act Res, 18(3), pp.303-334. Sensuse, D., Silalahi, M. and Budi, I. (2014). Towards a Socio-technical Ontology Engineering Methodology. International Journal of Computer Science and Application, 3(3), p.111. Sensuse, D., Silalahi, M. and Budi, I. (2014). Towards a Socio-technical Ontology Engineering Methodology. International Journal of Computer Science and Application, 3(3), p.111. Simiski, K. (2013). Neuro-fuzzy system with weighted attributes. Soft Comput, 18(2), pp.285-297. Sitompul, O. and Noah, S. (2006). A Transformation-oriented Methodology to Knowledge-based Conceptual Data Warehouse Design. J. of Computer Science, 2(5), pp.460-465. Soja, P. and Weistroffer, H. (2014). Motivations for enterprise system adoption in transition economies: insights from Poland. Enterprise Information Systems, pp.1-18. Tsai, W., Lee, K., Liu, J., Lin, S. and Chou, Y. (2012). The influence of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems' performance on earnings management. Enterprise Information Systems, 6(4), pp.491-517. Wing Lam, and Shankararaman, V. (2004). Enterprise integration - An enterprise integration methodology. IT Prof., 6(2), pp.40-48.

Social Work Practice with Children and Adolescents Essay Example Essay Example

Social Work Practice with Children and Adolescents Essay Example Paper Social Work Practice with Children and Adolescents Essay Introduction A first generation Mexican family living in rural North Carolina with a 16 year old daughter (whom we will identify as Marie) will be the focus of this paper. Marie and her family live in a trailer near the farm where her father works. The assessment of Marie and her family will include: making predictions, planning interventions, evaluating overall situation, and implementing a treatment plan. The family lives in a trailer, does not drive a nice car, and has limited financial resources. How will these factors affect Marie as a first generation young adolescent immigrant (YAI)? Unfortunately for girls in similar situations, this type of lifestyle is correlated with a high rate of â€Å"at risk† problems. The probability of negative future events, abnormal behavior, and irrational decision making processes influencing Marie are high. The major premise for this paper is lifestyle: Young immigrant adolescents are cornered in this situation because of poverty, substance abuse, and teenage pregnancy to name a few.The YAI situation is a minority developed condition that operates in a circular pattern that continues over time. The YAI and their families leave their deprived country, come to America in search of a better life, and most, settle in conditions no better than they left. The procedure of relocating to a new country can cause cultural shock to a first generation girl like Marie. Latino family’s that end up in low SES neighborhoods usually have negative outcomes in related to their lifestyle. According to a study done by Tama Leventhal Jeanne Brooks-Dunn, neighborhood characteristics and child outcomes are related to achievement in high SES neighborhoods and residential instability and behavioral/emotional problems in low SES neighborhoods (p. 309). For the most part, the explanation for this YAI condition is substandard living conditions.Before evaluating the factors why Marie is at a higher risk of negative influences, researchers consider th e environment she lives in. Neighborhood influences and the implications for Marie are many, especially when considering the number of immigrant youth who drop out of school, become pregnant as a teenager, and become addicted to a substance in lower SES neighborhoods. There is little uncertainty that high joblessness, poverty, and even death, follow people like Marie and her friends. The hostile and sub par living conditions that Marie is subjected to are triggers that lead to the YAI circular lifestyle.Verifying the comorbidity Marie lives in is an important dynamic of her psychological situation. Cross-cultural studies in psychopathology have general conclusions that can be drawn about their mental state to Draguns, 1994: 1. All mental disorders are shaped, to some extent, by cultural factors. 2. No mental disorders can be traced entirely to cultural or social factors. 3. Psychotic disorders are less influenced by culture than are nonpsychotic disorders. 4. The symptoms of certain disorders are more likely to vary across cultures than are disorders themselves (when viewed at the level of a syndrome) (Oltmanns, Emery, and Taylor, 2002, p. 18). So, it appears that Marie is in danger of acquiring specific problems related to her cross-cultural lifestyle; however, the evidence suggests that Marie has little worry of attaining a psychopathological abnormal disorder.Mental state affects Marie in two ways with regard to her circumstances. Either the YAI determines that they must work harder to achieve a higher socioeconomic status, or the YAI is caught in their socioeconomic state and perceives they cannot get out. In the first case, studies show that YAI who come from this category are in the minority. Jacquelynne Eccles volume Adolescent and Child Developments states that, â€Å"According to US census estimates for 2000, 44% of Hispanics age twenty-five and older do not have a high school diploma† (191). Furthermore, Eccles goes on to describe high school graduates from cross-cultural families face low rates of educational achievement, high rates of poverty, and language barriers, leaving more Hispanic families to face under/unemployment. (191). Living in this type of socioeconomic cross-cultural situation essentially decreases the adolescents chance to succeed from the beginning. These YAIs have good rationale for believing they will have to work harder to achieve a high school diploma, but what about the YAIs who are not in the 44%?The previous results from Eccles’ study shows that most YAIs do not have the option to attend college. In addition, most YAI are not in a sound financial setting to pay for post-secondary education. For them, and those who graduate high school without a scholarship, returning to their poor socioeconomic status is the only option, whether they have the required grades to enter college or excel in other fields of academia. Moreover, job selection will limit the YAI to minimum wage and restrict futur e post-secondary advancement. Some YAIs will not even hold a job. The problem now begins to seem hopeless to the disadvantaged youngster. Marie, with help from a supportive family, will have to decide at a pre-teen age if she wants to be in the 44% or the 66% group of YAI’s.Some YAIs do not have the choice of which percentage they want to belong in. The volatile socioeconomic situation of the YAI may predict the outcome for the youth. For example, in Marie’s cross-cultural position she is at a high risk of becoming pregnant by the time she is 16. Furthermore, Rodney Goodyear states that: â€Å"Multiple pathways predicted the women’s choice of male partner. Psychological distress was strongly related to choosing partners with negative relationships with women† (p. 187). In other words, Marie’s choice of a male partner is directly related to her SES status and psychological state of mind. The lower her income, the more likely she is in psychological distress, and will choose an uneducated, abusive, male partner and become pregnant. Another problem relates to substance abuse. As Marie’s opportunities in life go away and despair sets in, YAIs consistently turn to harmful alternatives to hide from reality. MarAa Ortiz’s study shows that environmental factors influence boys into substance abuse, while environment and demographics influence females into substance abuse (p. 27). Although the odds seem to be stacked against the YAIs, they may find consolation in contemporary technology, better government programs and loans, and a proper family setting. While Marie’s circumstances once meant despair, disadvantage, and hopelessness years ago, it now seems that academic research and government programs are at least offering more options than in previous decades.Even for YAI’s with supportive family and programs, overcoming the negative influences in their lives can be hard. YAIs are prone to inconsistent behav ior patterns. Across time and situations YAIs frequently become troubled with what their socioeconomic status leaves them without. Consequently, the recidivism is high for YAIs, and behavior is often radical over long periods of time and throughout difficult situations. The average YAI will experience more physical, mental, and substance abuse exposure by the time they are 10 years old than most people in a lifetime. Thus, inconsistent behavior becomes a pattern to fall back on in times of conflict. The circle continues.The final socioeconomic reason of failure for YAI to consider in this paper includes personal lifestyle choices and social diseases. Even when YAIs are careful in pregnancy and substance use and take precautions, communal diseases such as HIV, hepatitis, and venereal disease rates are high and predominate in Male Hispanics and on the rise for female Hispanics, and a good number of these people are undoubtedly social service recipients (Mayes, Cochran, 1988, p. 949). YAIs have few options to return to their families as an alternative to receiving welfare. Most of their parents are living on welfare, or in the case of Marie’s father, working for casual labor that pays sub par wages. In either situation, social diseases leave a single, pregnant, infected YAI at the mercy of their consequential decisions and society. In her disadvantageous cross-cultural situation, Marie will have to have the perseverance of a Saint to make it.In order for treatment to take place a problem must be identified. In Marie’s case many possible problems have been recognized. In the beginning, before negative situations occur, Marie’s parents should suggest school counselors help Marie identify her at risk behaviors associated with her specific socioeconomic situation. Proactive prevention and counseling, such as school awareness programs for cross-cultural students, will give Marie a better chance at success. Social work treatment is concerned with t he commitment to action. Treatment can involve schools, courts, prisons, hospitals, as well as other social agencies.Treatment affects YAI in a number of ways in regards to â€Å"at risk† behavior. A good treatment plan should cover all potential angles. Before analyzing the treatment for the YAI problems identified in this paper, we will discuss prevention as a potential cure. â€Å"The prevention and reduction of maladaptive functioning,† is discussed in Alan Kazdin’s (1993) study on Adolescent mental health: Prevention and treatment programs. Kazdin suggests that, â€Å"Treatment could be reserved for those cases for whom preventative efforts failed† (131). Short-term motivational therapy works well on people who do not think they have a problem. In other words, social workers, psychologists, etc., should do all things possible to avoid letting a client reach the stage of treatment. In reality, we know it is impossible to prevent most cases from reachi ng the treatment stage.There are many therapies for helping the YAI if they reach the stage of self destruction. Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) is one of the most widely used and accepted forms of treatment in health forums today. CBT teaches people to identify and respond to the situation that impulsively draws people into such things as drug abuse. Coping skills training is one element of CBT. Social skills are identified in the person that will train them how to acquire problem solving skills, resist pressures of drinking and substance use, and formulate alternative courses of action. Maladaptive responses are transformed into adaptive thoughts that are rehearsed. Thus, negative patterns of the â€Å"self† and â€Å"environment† are attended to.Karol Kumpfer and Rose Alvarado did a study on Family-Strengthening Approaches for the Prevention of Youth Problem Behaviors and suggest three preventions in their article: Behavioural Parent Training, Family Skills Trainin g, and Family Therapy. The advantage an adolescent like Marie has in family centered preventions, interventions, and treatments is linked to cross-cultural acceptance. The YAI can become familiar with there initial cultural surroundings while communicating with their family. Less alienation from family should mean more confidence in making tough decisions.Although not all aspects of Maries cross-cultural situation can be addressed in a short paper, the implications of the areas covered do highlight the major roadblocks she will face as a 16 year old, Hispanic, female, living in a rural American neighborhood. It is the individual that is being asked to take the risks that cultural factors present. The social well being of all American citizens must be cared for in our society whether we want to or not. For Marie, and all YAIs, their future depends on it. Social Work Practice with Children and Adolescents Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

Does Punishment deter Crime Essays

Does Punishment deter Crime Essays Does Punishment deter Crime Paper Does Punishment deter Crime Paper Essay Topic: In Cold Blood Punishment has been set in place by society as a safety net. This is does not mean it prevents crime, in fact in some instances it may lead to the fabricating of more crime. By trying to punish iniquities done by others, one commits other severities. Punishment does not deter crime and can even turn others to breaking the law. One of the reasons society relies so heavily on punishments is because there is a common fallacy in place involving the benefits of having punishments set. Punishment doesnt stop crime before it happens, it doesnt discourage all from reeking laws. For example, a Missouri man named Jeff Mezzanines was sentenced to die in prison for purchasing seven pounds of marijuana. With two nonviolent marijuana convictions already on his record, Jeff received life without parole under Missouri three strikes law. Punishment did not prevent this man from committing the same crime three times in a row; therefore, the belief that punishment deters crime is invalid. Source 6 agrees with the claim that even though there is a set consequence for crime, people still violate the law. There has been crime In the past even when there was severe punishment in place. Thus this exemplifies the fact that punishment does not deter crime. Perhaps punishing crime Is not the solution. For Instance, say someone Is so ridiculed because of their punishment, their reputation is damaged. This is embodied by source 5 In which there Is an Image of a boy wearing a sign In public stating I am a thief. Say this teen was to try and apply for a Job, but because of a mistake he made and a punishment he went through In because of It, he was denied a Job. Then what? What else would this boy be able to turn to but a life of crime? Again punishment Is shown as non-deterring towards criminal actions. Sometimes we are so determined to save others we get caught up, almost entangled In a web of hypocrisy. While trying to stop crime from occurring, society can sometimes stoop to low levels to set examples for those pondering a life of. Some punishments will violate a criminals right, as a human, and a citizen of a country. In societys effort to prevent crime through punishment there are so many Injustices going on. Punishments can be so cruel, they may end up violating ones constitutional sights, and this Is a crime In Itself. For Instance the long debated theme of capital punishment ties Into this theory because here, we have society killing someone In cold blood. The Irony In this Is that now society has lowered Itself to a level In which they contribute to criminality. By punishing those who have had the misfortune of breaking the law, one can commit what they are so keen on preventing: a crime. Source 7 backs up this view by clung examples of when this has actually occurred. Therefore, punishment Is actually not deterring crime, and In this case Is even reading new crime. Although punishment does not deter crime, It may still be necessary as a consequence for those who have broken the law. Other methods may be Instituted In preventing crime over punishment, since punishment Is not effective In stopping crimes. Does Punishment deter Crime By sashays consequence for crime, people still violate the law. There has been crime in the past Perhaps punishing crime is not the solution. For instance, say someone is so embodied by source 5 in which there is an image of a boy wearing a sign in public stating l am a thief. Say this teen was to try and apply for a Job, but because of a mistake he made and a punishment he went through in because of it, he was denied Again punishment is shown as non-deterring towards criminal actions. Entangled in a web of hypocrisy. While trying to stop crime from occurring, society societys effort to prevent crime through punishment there are so many injustices rights, and this is a crime in itself. For instance the long debated theme of capital punishment ties into this theory because here, we have society killing someone in cold blood. The irony in this is that now society has lowered itself to a level in which they contribute to criminality. By punishing those who have had the misfortune of Source 7 backs up this view by citing examples of when this has actually occurred. Therefore, punishment is actually not deterring crime, and in this case is even Although punishment does not deter crime, it may still be necessary as a consequence for those who have broken the law. Other methods may be instituted in preventing crime over punishment, since punishment is not effective in stopping

An Explanation of the Use of Imagery and Figurative Language to Convey the Central Theme in Mending Wall, a Poem by Robert Frost

An Explanation of the Use of Imagery and Figurative Language to Convey the Central Theme in Mending Wall, a Poem by Robert Frost In the poem â€Å"Mending Wall†, Robert Frost uses language and paragraph structure in order to develop controversial ideas about the necessity of change and stirring rebellion, and about maintaining individuality. One of the prevalent themes present in this poem is that of change, and when it is necessary. When describing the uselessness of the wall, the speaker says, â€Å"My apple trees will never get across/ And eat the cones under his pines†. Here, the speaker emphasizes that the wall is not needed, and implies that there is no use in mending the wall, therefore advocating for change. The speaker’s believes that the wall is not necessary, shown when he says, â€Å"There where it is we do not need the wall† (line 17). He clearly sees no use for the wall anymore and is thinking practically. Logically, maintaining the wall is simply a waste of time and resources, as it is no longer needed. Frost relays the theme of change and rebellion through the speaker’s questioning of old customs as time goes on. After the speaker suggests that they perhaps break down the wall the reaction he receives is, â€Å"He only says, ‘Good fences make good neighbors’ †Å"(line 27). The neighbor’s repetition and insistence of this proverb shows his devotion to tradition and his unwillingness to change. This proverb has most likely been passed down over generations, once again reinforcing the idea that the neighbor is obsessed with custom and tradition. The fact that the poem ends with this line suggests that no change was established, and that the wall remained. The young, refreshing voice of change is clearly overshadowed by the elder opinion that change is unnecessary if the current system is working. This is an extremely powerful and controversial message, which is especially interesting during a time of such political uproar in America. Another message clear in Frost’s poem is that of the importance of individuality. For example, in lines 8 and 9, the speaker says, â€Å"And on a day we meet to walk the line/ And set the wall between us once again†. The order of these lines is meant to express the irony of the situation. The only time the two neighbors converse or meet is when they are trying to ensure that they won’t be bothered by each other for the rest of the year. This exposes the American culture as an individualistic one, and subtly criticizes the American belief in autonomy. In addition, when describing the mending of the wall, the speaker says, â€Å"One on a side† (line 16). This emphasizes the fact that even when working together towards a common goal, the two are separated. Once again, this stresses the importance of individuality in the American culture; the fact that even when we all want the same thing, we refuse to work together to achieve it, and we look out for our own s elf-interests first. Lastly, in line 18, the speaker describes himself and his neighbor by saying, â€Å"He is all pine and I am apple orchard†. The juxtaposition between these two items is once again meant to describe the separation between the two. Despite the fact that they live in the same neighborhood (and are therefore likely from a similar social class), they are still completely separate beings. Again, through this, Frost hopes to express the idea that individuality is one of America’s core values. Through his usage of language and his paragraph structure, Frost conveys controversial views on American society and its perception of change and individuality.

Advanced management accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Advanced management accounting - Assignment Example The net present value method is usually used to calculate the economic viability of a project and it is used to determine if the project is economically viable or it is not. The advantage of using the NPV criteria in the valuation of a project is the fact that the method has a clear decision making process. In evaluating a project or product, if the net present value is positive, then the project should be accepted by the management because the product or project would benefit the company (Cadenhead, 1970, 80).If the net present value is a negative, then the project or product should be rejected. If the net present value is equal t zero, then the management would be at a break even and any decision taken would not be harmful to the profitability of the company (Barton, 1999, 234). In case the management of Smart electronics decides to talk up the proposed investment, it would be costly for the company because the company would be running at a loss as a result of the many costs that a re associated with the product. The only thing that would warrant the acceptance of the product would be the reduction of costs to the company. The many costs that are associated with the product are making it hard for the company to gain any profits (Bastable, 1995, 133). C) Return on investment is a rate of return that accrues to shareholders of a company as a result of investing in the company. The rate of investment would be the main determinant for an investor before making any decision. The rate of return is however determined by the risk factor that is associated with a project or company. A company that has a high rate of risk is usually associated with high returns while companies that have low risk levels are associated with low returns. In the case of Smart electronics, the return on investment will be viewed on the rate of return that will accrue to the company as a result of investing in the new product. The investment in a new product should be feasible in the sense th at the returns should be positive and that the returns would be in such a manner as to work in the favor of the company in terms of profitability. Profitability of a company will increase if the company gets high returns from the products that it sells. For smart electronic to maximize on its rate of return, it should try to cut on costs that are associated with a product and the level of efficiency should be improved so as to ensure that running costs are as low as possible. The level of efficiency is usually determined by the machinery that is in the company. That should be done in a manner that the process of a company are efficient and the people working in the various departments are also efficient enough. Efficiency of processes is done by the company improving on the machinery that is been used in a company and the company improving the level of technology that is required to make the production process easier and simpler (Anthony, 1997, 225). The efficiency can

Outline marketing plan for the next year for Atlantic Quench 02133 Essay

Outline marketing plan for the next year for Atlantic Quench 02133 - Essay Example With the changing demography, the level of health consciousness has paved the way for new flavoured beverages. The beverage industry has kept on increasing in respect to the number of players and the target market. The demographic change has led the beverage industry to introduce new products. The aging population in US and other economies have forced companies to continuously innovate their marketing activities vis-a-vis product, price, place, promotion and communication. Atlantic Quench Cranberries Inc is US based company that produces juice and non juice products for more than 80 years. It is an agricultural supportive, which is owned by 46 grapefruit and 630 cranberry farmers. It has the largest market share in the fruit juice industry in US. It not only sells juice and non juice products in the US market, but it has also extended its operations in UK. Under juice product, it mainly sells under the brand name juice max, grab n go, cranberry original juice, etc and under non juice products it sells as new conserve, cranberry sauces, etc. The political situation of Europe is a very stable one. It follows a democratically elected system of government (Market Line., 2013). The political system of UK is embedded in its deep system of political stability that is given by the democratically elected government. After the world wars the UK has grown considerably over the years followed by a stable political system. For Atlantic quench this is a good sign as it provides a favourable investment climate for the company. Per capita GDP of the UK is high and the investment climate of UK is favourable. However in the recent years the country is suffering from high debt and fiscal deficit. There was negative GDP growth in the year 2009 that would result in the not-purchasing of any this that the consumers did not consider essential (West, Ford and Ibrahim, 2015). UK has also witnessed high rates

Memorable Experience Essay Example for Free

Memorable Experience Essay There has been many good and many bad things in my life. Although it was only at the age of five, I will always remember when my godfather David passed away. My mom dad and I lived together with David in Mathews, Virginia. I was always with him and would never leave his side; I was more attached to him than I was to my father. We did everything together we went to the playground, he took me to work with him, and we would take our dog on walks. He was the most special person to me, and I will always have a burning hole in my heart without him by my side. It was my birthday, May 18th, 2002 and my family would always take me out to dinner on my birthday. The whole day I couldn’t wait for David to get home so we could get ready together for dinner, I hadn’t seen him all day because he had work, and I had school. When he arrived at our house as usual he came to my room and gave me the biggest bear hug, David said, â€Å"Are you ready for our dinner sweetheart.† I said, â€Å"Yes, I’ve been waiting all day I’m so excited to go.† So we both got ready for dinner, I chose to eat a Ruby Tuesdays because when I was that age it was my favorite restaurant. Before we went to dinner mom, dad, and David gave me the presents that they had gotten me, of course I was thankful for everything I had gotten. Mom, dad, and I drove separately from David; he rode his motorcycle. We had the best time at dinner, and I thoroughly enjoyed myself. I loved eating out away from home, and it was always a big treat to me. Since it was my birthday I ordered a steak, the staff surprised me by singing Happy Birthday and bringing me a free piece of delicious chocolate lava cake. Chocolate lava cake happened to be my favorite dessert so you could not imagine the happiness it brought me for them to surprise me with it. Afterward, we all went to Walmart and David told me I could pick out one toy from the toy isle, and he would buy it for me. This treatment was nothing out of the ordinary David always treated me like a princess and bought me little gifts just because. Once we checked out at Walmart, we all decided we would meet back at the house. David wouldn’t be home until a little after us because he was some plans to take care of, but he told me he loved me and would see me in the morning before he went to work. Later that night my mom woke me up and said David had lost control of his motorcycle going around a turn and had gotten split in half by a road sign. I couldn’t believe what happened I was astonished, I was in doubt. It just couldn’t be true that someone that I loved so much was tooken from me  on what is supposed to be the best day each year for me. I cried and cried. At his funeral, the preacher spoke of me, how special of a person I was to him and that I was the light of his eyes. Anywhere David was I was strolling right behind him with the biggest smile on my face. The preacher said, â€Å"If any of you lose hope that he is not on this earth anymore, look at that little girl because he will always be watching over her.† Each birthday I start my day off with going to see my Guardian Angel at his resting place. He has always been and forever will be a part of my heart. In life, this has taught me anything can change in a matter of seconds people come and go, even people who mean the world to you. Sadly you can’t change what has happened but you have to move forward and grow from the experience because I know that he continually watches over me and will never leave my side.

Free Epic of Gilgamesh Essays: Underlying Meaning :: free essay writer

The Epic of Gilgamesh:   Underlying Meaning  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Last time, we introduced the ancient mythical tale, The Epic of Gilgamesh. You read a brief account of the tale and learned a little of its origins and discovery. Now we are going to get into the tale itself and have a deeper look in an effort to decode some of its hidden or underlying meaning. We will explore the notion of "The Double" and the quest for immortality in our search for the meaning of life. We remember from the epic tale that Enkidu, the wildman, was Gilgamesh's beloved friend. So what can Enkidu's injection into the story reveal to us then? Let's look more closely at this figure. Enkidu is an innocent savage, a wildman, content to live among the beasts. After an encounter with a trapper he undergoes a kind of culture shock and is tamed by a harlot or sacred prostitute. Here, sex is sacred; it is a civilizing force that separates humans from Nature for the animals now reject Enkidu. Paired with Gilgamesh, the two figures represent the Double. Enkidu embodies the instincts while Gilgamesh represents the intellect. Both of these aspects make up humankind. Through his friendship with Enkidu, Gilgamesh learns much about what it is to be human. He learns love and compassion, as well as death and loss as Enkidu dies. But Enkidu rages against his death! It is human instinct to fight death, to fight to live! Enkidu is soon appeased though by the sun god Shamash who gives death meaning in remembrance of those who have passed on, of Enkidu who will pass on. So we find in this story a meaning for death - meaning in being remembered. Gilgamesh, however, is not so easily appeased in Enkidu's death. He grieves heavily over the loss of his dear friend and vows to find the key to everlasting life. So he sets out on his journey, his journey through the underworld, through the otherworld. Is Gilgamesh now just intellectual man without instinct, without Enkidu? Death, loss, mortality are too much for Gilgamesh to bear. Why toil on earth to end up in a terrible afterlife? Gilgamesh will have none of it. He seeks to become immortal like the gods, after all, he himself is 2/3 god. He does find answers to the questions of life and death on his journey.

History of Art Forgery

University of Central Missouri The Art of Forgery History of Art Forgery 4/15/2012| Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine the history of Art Forgery and the history of one of the greatest art forgers of our time, Tom Keating. The paper will go into the basic history of art forgery from the first recorded art forgery all the way up to the ways forgeries are made today. It will also go into the changes of how forgeries were detected and how forgers are prosecuted. The history of art forgery is not as sinister as some people may believe.In the past, and in some art schools today, students were/are made to copy the works of the master artists, such as Leonardo, Michelangelo, Van Gogh, Monet, and countless others, to hone their skills and practice. In years long past the masters would create their originals and then many copies would be made to make it visible to many people all over the world and to enhance the likelihood that the art would survive the ages. (Dutton, 1983) Thi s went on for years without any thought but as time went on more and more of the masters art started to surface the need for experts were needed to make sure the art in question was the real thing.In the past a person would have to spend years if not a lifetime researching and studying the way an artist would paint by looking at brush strokes, type of paint and canvas used, and other distinctive characteristics of the artist. As time progressed those same experts became some of the most accomplished art forgers. One such forger was French artist Jean-Pierre Schecroun. Before he was arrested and found guilty of forgery in 1962, Schecroun is said to had produced somewhere around eighty forgeries of artists’ works like Picasso and other modern masters. The pictures were said to have brought in ? 5,000 in two years (Dolice, 2003). Forgeries have become such a common practice that any work that surfaces that is allegedly a work done by a modern master such as Van Gogh, Picasso, Da li, Miro, and Chagall is put under great scrutiny. Along with art experts, art restores make good forgers. In 1970 at an auction house in Europe auctioneers noticed that of all the paintings they were getting ready to auction off that there were thirteen paintings of the famous British painter Samuel Palmer but all of them had the same theme, the town of Shoreham, England.After an article was released revealing their suspicions an art restorer named Thomas Patrick Keating claimed that all thirteen were of his making. Keating was born in 1918 Lewisham, a borough of London to poor un-noteworthy parents. From a young age Keating was a gifted painter and have of love art. After World War II he became an art restorer. (Keating, Norman, & Norman, 1977) After not being able to support himself and his family he became a house painter to make extra money to make ends meet. He did all he could to break into the art market by exhibiting his paintings at numerous galleries but he never got much recognition.In his own eyes Keating believed that the whole gallery system was â€Å"rotten. † He stated that the system was â€Å"dominated by American â€Å"avant-garde fashion, with critics and dealers often conniving to line their own pockets at the expense both of naive collectors and impoverished artists. † (Keating, Norman, & Norman, 1977) Keating had have enough and decided to get revenge on the broken system. He formed a plan to destabilize the gallery and auction system by flooding the market with forgeries. By the time he was caught he allegedly produced over 2,000 forgeries and copied over 100 different artists.In an article to the Guardian, a British news network a friend of Keating’s, John Brandler said that â€Å"He thought, ‘I'm as good as Rembrandt, Palmer, Renoir and all the rest of the classic painters, and I'm going to prove it',† and many think that he did. Known as a forger with a cause he would leave tell-tale markin gs that would one day reveal that the work was a fake. Known to sometimes write on the canvas with lead before he painted, Keating knew that an x-ray would reveal the message underneath. It was also not unknown of him to purposefully add miniscule flaws or to use materials not available in the time of the original painter.One of the more devious things that were done to ensure the fallacy of his works was done to a few of his oil painting forgeries. Keating knowing that one day all oil paintings will need to be cleaned put a layer of glycerol under his painting. When the restorer would go to clean the painting the chemical reaction would cause the glycerol to dissolve and then the layer of paint would disintegrate leaving the whole work a ruin and revealing that it was a forgery (Keating, Norman, & Norman, 1977). He also had specific techniques he would use on forgeries of certain artists.When it came to Rembrandt’s works he would boil nuts for hours to make the paint fad e in the future where true paints from the era of Rembrandt would not. In 1977 after an extensive investigation Tom Keating was finally arrested, not for forgery per-say but for conspiracy to defraud. That same year his autobiography, The Fake’s Progress: The Tom Keating Story was published. The years had not been kind to Keating. Years of smoking and inhaling the chemicals that are used in art restoration; turpentine, ammonia and methyl alcohol had taken a toll on his life. The case was dropped due to his poor health.The case was just what was needed to launch him to the fame that has eluded him when he first started to break into the art market. In 1982 through 1983 he had a television program where he talked about the old masters of painting and the techniques that they and he had used to become famous. The following year in 1984, Thomas Keating passed away from a heart attack. After his passing his works have become even more collectable and many find that his forgeries a re worth just as much, if no more, than his originals (Keating, Norman, & Norman, 1977). Tom Keating was in no fashion one of the first art forgers.As stated above forgery has been around as long as art has. People will always want to replicate something that they find pleasing or today that they can make some money. The concept of forgery has not really changed that much over the years. If you want to forge a famous painting or sculpture you study the original artist, try to copy the style that they use, and use materials as close to those used by the artist as possible. Unlike the process, the methods of detection have made great strides. In the beginning the only way to spot a fake was through examination.Some of the few things beside style that are looked at when determining the authenticity of a piece are frames, signatures on the art, stretch bars, and nail holes. (Fleming, 1975) All of these have possibilities of being originals because all of the following, minus the sig natures can be changed when an art restorer works on a painting but a true expert can tell. As technology advanced so did the ways of detecting forgeries. The development of the use of x-rays has brought about the use of x-ray diffraction and fluorescence. Both are used to determine the omposition of the materials used. In x-ray diffraction, used in the authentication of paintings, not only analyzes the components but also to detect pentimento, the alteration of a painting. Carbon and â€Å"White lead† dating are used to measure the age of a painting, Dendrochronology used to date wooden objects and Thermoluminescence is used to date pottery. (Fleming, 1975) One of the newest forms of authentication is digital authentication. Wavelet decomposition is when the picture is broken down into smaller pictures and then the texture is analyzed by the stroke of the paint.The United States has many laws against counterfeiting and fraud but when it comes to prosecuting forgers they have a hard time proving the burden of proof. Just like the forgers changing with the times, prosecutors have adapted. It has become standard practice for prosecutors to go after forgers under Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO). This has worked because it is very seldom that a forger works alone. They usually have someone they trust that helps them find a buyer or get the forgeries into an auction.In going after all of the people prosecutors have been successful against art forgers such as the case United States v. Amiel. (Dolice, 2003) Forgers and the sellers of counterfeit art can also be held accountable through civil actions. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) protects against unfair trade practices in the art market. In 1993 the FTC brought a case against Magui Publishers, Inc. In FTC v. Magui Publishers, Inc. , the court found Magui guilty of and made them pay $1. 96 million in restitution. (Federal Trade Commision , 1993) Art Forgery has been around since a rt was first made.Though it started as nothing but a simple exercise to better ones skill, it has become a crime that is hard to fight. With the discovery that one can make money just by copying an artist’s style art forgers started selling their own paintings as the work of the masters and they haven’t stopped. This brought about such forgers as Thomas Keating, the forger with a cause. As the forgers themselves changed, the ways they were caught have changed to. The introduction of using x-rays was a great advance in the detection of pentimento, the alteration of the original painting.When going after the forgers prosecutors must rely on other means than just federal statutes against forgery. RICO has made it easier for federal prosecutions to go farther. As art continues to flourish, so will the ways that people try to copy that art. In the years to come, forgers will become more and more skilled at the art of copying. That being the case, all who work against forger s must be vigil and work as hard as the forgers themselves to stay one step ahead of them. If not, one day forgers may be making forgeries of the master forgers of today. Works Cited Dolice, J. 2003). Fabulous Fakes and a History of Art forgery. Dutton, D. (1983). The Forger's Art. Berkeley: University of California Press. Federal Trade Commision . (1993). 9 F. 3d 1551: Federal Trade Commission, Plaintiff-appellee, v. Magui Publishers, Inc. ; Pierre Marcand, Defendants-appellants. Retrieved April 2012, from FTC. gov. Fleming, S. J. (1975). Authenticity in Art: The scientific Detection of Forgery. New York: Crane, Russak ;amp; Co Inc. Keating, T. , Norman, G. , ;amp; Norman, F. (1977). The Fake's Progress: The Tom Keating Story. London: Hutchinson and Company.